Chapter 11

Question 1

tricuspid valve?

Answer 1

controls the blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

Question 2

mitral valve?

Answer 2

also called the “bicuspid valve”. controls the blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the valve

Question 3

superior vena cava?

Answer 3

sends blood that is deoxygenated to the right atrium. The blood comes from the head, neck, chest, and upper extremities

Question 4

aorta?

Answer 4

transports oxygenated blood to the body

Question 5

systole?

Answer 5

occurs when the heart is contracting

Question 6

diastole?

Answer 6

occurs when the heart is at rest, and the atria fills with blood

Question 7

Purkinje Fibers?

Answer 7

transmits the impulse quickly and efficiently to the ventricular cardiac cells

Question 8

polarized state?

Answer 8

before the impulse hits the cell, the cell is at resting potential. The inside of the cell is negatively charged

Question 9

repolarized state?

Answer 9

after the impulse passes over the cell, the sodium and potassium ions move back to their original locations. This causes the cells charge to change back to a negative charge

Question 10

PR segments?

Answer 10

it follows the P wave and appears as an isoelectric line. The electric impulse moves slowly through the AV node. The PR segment is the time between the end of atrial depolarization and the start of ventricular depolarization, when the atrial chambers finish contracting

Question 11

J Point?

Answer 11

the point where the QRS complex ends and the ST segment begins

Question 12

T wave?

Answer 12

follows the ST segment and appears as a smooth, rounded, asymmetric wave form. created from the electrical activity from ventricular activity

Question 13

PR interval?

Answer 13

starts at the beginning of the P wave and ends at the start of the Q wave. It represents atrial depolarization

Question 14

ventricular fibrillization?

Answer 14

(v-fib), occurs when the ventricle quiver uncontrollably. Essentially ineffective at pumping blood. The patient has no pulse and is unresponsive

Question 15

AC interference?

Answer 15

alternating current interference. artifact or 60-cycle interference artifact, appears as a series of small spikes that create a thick looking tracing

Question 16

Bundle of His?

Answer 16

located in the upper interventricular septum. when the impulse leaves the AV node, it moves to the bundle of his, also called the AV bundle

Question 17

atrial depolarization interval?

Answer 17

the PR interval

Question 18

ground electrode?

Answer 18

the right leg electrode is required for ECG tracing

Question 19

precordial leads?

Answer 19

unipolar leads, each is a positive pole. They provide information on the horizontal plane of the heart. The six leads are labeled V1-V6

Question 20

default gain of sensitivity?

Answer 20

100mm/mV

Question 21

dextrocardia?

Answer 21

a condition in which the heart is located on the right side of the chest, and the apex is pointing towards the right. The electrodes must be placed on the right side of the chest using the same intercostal spacing, but the right and left limb wires are switched

Question 22

interrupted baseline?

Answer 22

also called intermittent signal artifact. occurs when the tracing looks normal at the beginning but disappears or goes all over when the electrical connection is interrupted

Question 23

somatic tremor?

Answer 23

also called muscle artifact. appears as jagged peaks with irregular heights and spacing

Question 24

SA node?

Answer 24

“pacemaker of the heart”. located in the posterior superior wall of the right atrium. The cardiac cells in the SA node generate the impulse, and starts each heartbeat. The impulse moves quickly across the intermodal tracts

Question 25

isoelectric line?

Answer 25

a straight line, also called the baseline. represents a period of time with no electrical activity

Question 26

maintenance of the electrocardiograph?

Answer 26

clean the lead wires as indicated in the users guide. Handle the lead wires and patient cable with care. Should be stored in a loose coil. Clean the tracing stylus and the machine casing as indicated in the users guide

Question 27

Holter monitor?

Answer 27

used to monitor the heart over a 24-48 hour period while the patients go about their normal activities

Question 28

wandering baseline?

Answer 28

an artifact that is an upward and downward movement of the wave form

Question 29

positions of the leads?

Answer 29

Lead I- RA, LA
Lead II- RA, LL
Lead III- LL, LA

Question 30

premature atrial contraction(PAC)?

Answer 30

occurs when the atria contracts sooner then they should. The P wave can be abnormally shaped, or an extra P wave can be seen. More than six PACs in a minute is considered abnormal

Question 31

augmented leads?

Answer 31

provides information of the vertical plane of the heart. The unipolar leads are increased in size and uses the RA, LA, and LL electrodes

Question 32

Thermal ECG paper?

Answer 32

either z-fold paper or 8.5x11 inch paper. A special heat sensitive coating on the paper allows the tracing to be “burned” onto the paper. The small boxes are 1x1mm, the large boxes are 5x5mm. The vertical lines measure the amplitude, the horizontal lines measure the time. Each small box is 0.1mV, and each large box is 0.5mV. when the charts speed is set at 25mm/mV, each small box equals 0.04 seconds, and each large box is 0.2 seconds

Question 33

heart block?

Answer 33

occurs when there is a disruption or slowing of the electrical impulse through the heart
1st degree- the impulse slows as it moves from the atria to the ventricles
2nd degree- the impulses or is blocked as it moves to the ventricles, usually requires a pacemaker
3rd degree- the impulse does not reach the ventricles. special ventricular cells create an impulse that causes the ventricles to contract, and requires emergency treatment and a pacemaker

Question 34

how to eliminate artifact from ECG?

Answer 34

the MA must identify the type of artifact and then take the specific actions to prevent it from happening more

Question 35

sinus rhythm?

Answer 35

a normal heartbeat. electrical activity begins in the SA node and goes through the rest of the conduction system

Question 36

drinking limits of an exercise stress test?

Answer 36

the patient should not consume caffeine or alcohol for at least 3 hours before the test

Question 37

medication limits of an exercise stress test?

Answer 37

patient must indicate daily medications and should not take a does of erectile dysfunction medication

Question 38

ECG training

Answer 38

isoelectric lines where there is no electric activity

Question 39

measurement of the lead current touching from ____ pole to ______pole

Answer 39

negative, south