Chapter 3 Exam Flashcards
Chemoinformatics
◦ Applies computer technology, statistics, and mathematics to study molecules
- Examines molecular structure, properties, and activities
◦ Probably the most actively pursued source of drugs by major companies
Recombinant DNA technology def
◦ Allows for the production of biological active substances that are in the body
◦ Combines DNA of two or more different organisms
◦ Can treat certain diseases; possibly useful in gene therapy and/or preventive medical therapy
Examples of recombinant DNA technology
hep B/insulin/growth hormone
local effect
Limited to the area of the body where it is administered
systemic effect
Reaches widespread areas of the body
Pharmacokinetics
Drug processing of the body
absorption
Passage of a substance through a membrane in the bloodstream
distribution
movement from the bloodstream into tissues and fluids of the body
metabolism
physical and chemical alterations that a substance undergoes in the body
excretion
elimination of waste products of drug metabolism from the body
cumulative effect
Increased effect of a drug demonstrated when repeated doses accumulate in the body
Therapeutic range
Range of drug levels in the body that will give the desired effect without causing serious side effects
Other variables affecting drug action
age, weight, gender, psychological state
drug interactions
can be desirable or undesirable
synergism
drugs work together to produce desired effect
Potentiation
drugs oppose each other to increase/prolong effect
Antagonism
drugs oppose each other to decrease/cancel effect
Dosage
the amount of a drug given for a particular therapeutic or desired effect
toxic dose
amount of a drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning
lethal dose
dose that causes death
Maintenance dose
Dose required to keep the level of a drug in the blood at a steady state to maintain the desired effect
the routes and rates of administration (slowest to fastest)-
Oral route, transdermal, IM, inhalation, IV route
2 common routes of administration
Enteral/GI tract route & Parenteral Routes (anything other than GI)
Adverse drug reactions
unintended side effects from medications
teratogenic
maternal drug administration causes development of physical defects in a fetus
Idiosyncrasy
unique, unusual, and unexpected response to a drug
Tolerance
decreased response to a drug that develops after repeated doses are given
Dependence
acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological or physical symptoms of withdrawal when discontinued
preg. drug category A
studies on pregnant women have not demonstrated risk to fetus
preg. drug Category B
not performed on pregnant women; animal studies have shown no fetal risk
preg drug Category C
conclusive studies have not been performed on animals or pregnant women
preg drug Category D
drug studies have revealed adverse risk to fetus
preg drug Category X
drug studies have shown teratogenic effects
Hypersensitivity
Immune response to a drug may be of varying degrees
Signs of allergies
rash or hives
Who is more likely to have hypersensitivity?
patients with other known allergies
Anaphylactic reaction
Severe, possibly fatal allergic response
signs of alaphylactic reaction
Itching, hives, reddened skin, cyanosis, shock, vascular collapse
