Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > Chapter 17 Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Culture and sensitivity

A

24-48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Empiric

A

best guess based on history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Resistance-

A

no longer effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why would something be resistant?

A
  • Frequent use

* Incomplete treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Factors in the selection of anti-infective drugs (6)…

A
  • Infection site
  • Status of hepatic and/or renal function
  • Patient age
  • Pregnancy or lactation
  • Likelihood of organisms developing resistance
  • Known allergy to the anti-infective drug
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Allergic hypersensitivity-

A
  • Over-response of the body to a specific substance

* Anaphylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Superinfection-

A

• Manifested as a new infection due to absence of normal flora in the intestines or mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

symptoms of superinfection

A

diarrhea, vaginitis, stomatitis, glossitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when are Aminoglycosides used?

A

• Only when less toxic drugs are ineffective or contraindicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how are aminoglycosides usually administered?

A

• Usually administered IM or IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

examples of aminoglycosides…

A

• Ex: gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cephalosporins-

A

• Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic derivatives produced by a fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cephalosporins (Related to penicillin )

A
  • Some patients allergic to penicillin are also allergic to cephalosporin
  • Considered broad-spectrum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are cephalosporins classified?

A

• Classified as first, second, third, or fourth, or fifth generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Macrolides-

A

• Treats many infections of the respiratory tract, skin conditions, or for some STIs when patients are allergic to penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are considered among the least toxic antibiotics?

A

Macrolides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when are macrolides preferred?

A

for treating susceptible organisms under conditions in which more toxic antibiotics might be dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are ex of susceptible organisms?

A

patients with renal disease, pregnant woman, or infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

examples of macrolides

A

erythromycin (E.E.S.)
clarithromycin (Biaxin)
azithromycin (Zithromax)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Penicillins def…

A

• Beta-lactam antibiotics produced from certain species of a fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do penicillins treat?

A

• Treats many streptococcal and some staphylococcal and meningococcal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is penicillin the drug of choice for?

A

treatment of syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are penicillins used prophylactically for?

A

prevent recurrences of rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Amoxicillin before dental procedures does what?

A

prevent infective enodcarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are ex of penicillins?
penicillin G, penicillin VK, amoxicillin, ampicillin
26
Carbapenems def...
Belong to the beta-lactam class of antibiotics and have a very broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms
27
primary treatments of carbapenems
pneumonia, febrile neutropenia, intra-abdominal infections, diabetic foot infections, and significant polymicrobial infections
28
ex of carbapenems
meropenem (Merrem)
29
Quinolones
• For adult treatment of some infections of the urinary tract, sinuses, lower respiratory tract, GI tract, skin, bones, and joints, and in treating gonorrhea
30
Some organisms are showing ___________ towards quinolones
increased resistance
31
quinolones should be reserved for what?
Should reserve these agents for infections requiring fluoroquinolones or when patients are allergic to other antibiotics
32
ex of quionolones
ciprofloxacin (Cipro) | levofloxacin (Levaquin)
33
Tetracyclines-
• Treats infections caused by rickettsia, chlamydia, or some uncommon bacteria, some STIs, and some severe acne cases
34
tetracyclines should only be used when...
other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated
35
examples of tetracyclines
tetracycline, doxycycline (Vibramycine), tigecycline (Tygacil)
36
antifungal agents
treat specific susceptible fungal disease
37
amphotericin B (Abelcet)
Administered IV for the treatment of severe systemic and potentially fatal infections caused by susceptible fungi including Candida • Can cause serious side effects so close medical supervision needed
38
• fluconazole (Diflucan)
• Works against many fungal pathogens, including most Candida, without the serious toxicity of amphotericin B
39
• micafungin (Mycamine)
* Provides new treatment options against Candida and Aspergillus species * Prophylaxis for stem cell transplantation
40
how is micafungin give?
given through IV
41
• nystatin
* Structurally related to Amphotericin B * Orally treats oral cavity candidiasis * Also used as a fungicide in the topical treatment of skin and mucous membranes
42
• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily attacks the lungs
43
• Antituberculosis agents are administered for two purposes
* To treat latent or asymptomatic infection (no evidence of clinical disease; but + TB test) * For treatment of active clinical tuberculosis and to prevent relapse – multi-drug regimen
44
how to treat asymptomatic infection (tuberculosis)...
Daily administration of isoniazid (INH) for 6-12 months
45
Examples of medications used for TB
* ethambutol (Myambutol) * isoniazid (INH) * pyrazinamide (PZA) * rifampin (Rifadin) * streptomycin
46
What is the drug of choice for MRSA?
• vancomycin (Vancocin)
47
SMX stands for?-
sulfamethoxazole
48
TMP stands for?-
trimethoprim
49
What is Bactrim?
sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) combined
50
what is bactrim used for?
for the treatment of UTIs
51
What is nitrofurantoin used for?-
First-line urinary anti-infectives for empiric treatment of uncomplicated lower UTI
52
oseltamivir (Tamiflu) belongs to what class of antivirals?-
- Neuraminidase inhibitors
53
HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy
54
ARV
antiretroviral agents
55
What is the usual therapeutic regimen for these agents? (HIV/AIDS)
• The primary approach to therapy is disruption of the virus at different stages in its reproduction
56
• Antiretroviral protease inhibitors (PIs)
• Block the activity of the HIV enzyme essential for viral replication late in the virus life cycle
57
• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
• Inhibit an enzyme responsible for viral replication early in the virus life cycle
58
example of NRTI
• Combivir (combination of lamivudine & zidovudine) is a NRTI used in combination with other ARVs
59
• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
• Inhibit an enzyme responsible for viral replication early in the viral life cycle
60
• Fusion inhibitors (FIs)
• Block entry of HIV into cells, which may keep the virus from reproducing
61
• CCR5 antagonists
• Block a co-receptor required for HIV entry into human cells
62
• raltegravir (Isentress):
first ARV designed to slow the advancement of HIV infection by blocking the enzyme needed for viral replication

Pharmacology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions