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Pharmacology > Chapter 17 Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Culture and sensitivity

A

24-48 hours

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2
Q

Empiric

A

best guess based on history

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3
Q

Resistance-

A

no longer effective

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4
Q

why would something be resistant?

A
  • Frequent use

* Incomplete treatment

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5
Q

Factors in the selection of anti-infective drugs (6)…

A
  • Infection site
  • Status of hepatic and/or renal function
  • Patient age
  • Pregnancy or lactation
  • Likelihood of organisms developing resistance
  • Known allergy to the anti-infective drug
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6
Q

Allergic hypersensitivity-

A
  • Over-response of the body to a specific substance

* Anaphylaxis

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7
Q

Superinfection-

A

• Manifested as a new infection due to absence of normal flora in the intestines or mucous membranes

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8
Q

symptoms of superinfection

A

diarrhea, vaginitis, stomatitis, glossitis

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9
Q

when are Aminoglycosides used?

A

• Only when less toxic drugs are ineffective or contraindicated

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10
Q

how are aminoglycosides usually administered?

A

• Usually administered IM or IV

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11
Q

examples of aminoglycosides…

A

• Ex: gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin

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12
Q

Cephalosporins-

A

• Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic derivatives produced by a fungus

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13
Q

Cephalosporins (Related to penicillin )

A
  • Some patients allergic to penicillin are also allergic to cephalosporin
  • Considered broad-spectrum
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14
Q

how are cephalosporins classified?

A

• Classified as first, second, third, or fourth, or fifth generation

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15
Q

Macrolides-

A

• Treats many infections of the respiratory tract, skin conditions, or for some STIs when patients are allergic to penicillin

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16
Q

what are considered among the least toxic antibiotics?

A

Macrolides

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17
Q

when are macrolides preferred?

A

for treating susceptible organisms under conditions in which more toxic antibiotics might be dangerous

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18
Q

what are ex of susceptible organisms?

A

patients with renal disease, pregnant woman, or infants

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19
Q

examples of macrolides

A

erythromycin (E.E.S.)
clarithromycin (Biaxin)
azithromycin (Zithromax)

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20
Q

Penicillins def…

A

• Beta-lactam antibiotics produced from certain species of a fungus

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21
Q

what do penicillins treat?

A

• Treats many streptococcal and some staphylococcal and meningococcal infections

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22
Q

what is penicillin the drug of choice for?

A

treatment of syphilis

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23
Q

what are penicillins used prophylactically for?

A

prevent recurrences of rheumatic fever

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24
Q

Amoxicillin before dental procedures does what?

A

prevent infective enodcarditis

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25
Q

what are ex of penicillins?

A

penicillin G, penicillin VK, amoxicillin, ampicillin

26
Q

Carbapenems def…

A

Belong to the beta-lactam class of antibiotics and have a very broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms

27
Q

primary treatments of carbapenems

A

pneumonia, febrile neutropenia, intra-abdominal infections, diabetic foot infections, and significant polymicrobial infections

28
Q

ex of carbapenems

A

meropenem (Merrem)

29
Q

Quinolones

A

• For adult treatment of some infections of the urinary tract, sinuses, lower respiratory tract, GI tract, skin, bones, and joints, and in treating gonorrhea

30
Q

Some organisms are showing ___________ towards quinolones

A

increased resistance

31
Q

quinolones should be reserved for what?

A

Should reserve these agents for infections requiring fluoroquinolones or when patients are allergic to other antibiotics

32
Q

ex of quionolones

A

ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

levofloxacin (Levaquin)

33
Q

Tetracyclines-

A

• Treats infections caused by rickettsia, chlamydia, or some uncommon bacteria, some STIs, and some severe acne cases

34
Q

tetracyclines should only be used when…

A

other antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated

35
Q

examples of tetracyclines

A

tetracycline, doxycycline (Vibramycine), tigecycline (Tygacil)

36
Q

antifungal agents

A

treat specific susceptible fungal disease

37
Q

amphotericin B (Abelcet)

A

Administered IV for the treatment of severe systemic and potentially fatal infections caused by susceptible fungi including Candida
• Can cause serious side effects so close medical supervision needed

38
Q

• fluconazole (Diflucan)

A

• Works against many fungal pathogens, including most Candida, without the serious toxicity of amphotericin B

39
Q

• micafungin (Mycamine)

A
  • Provides new treatment options against Candida and Aspergillus species
  • Prophylaxis for stem cell transplantation
40
Q

how is micafungin give?

A

given through IV

41
Q

• nystatin

A
  • Structurally related to Amphotericin B
  • Orally treats oral cavity candidiasis
  • Also used as a fungicide in the topical treatment of skin and mucous membranes
42
Q

• Tuberculosis (TB)

A

• Caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily attacks the lungs

43
Q

• Antituberculosis agents are administered for two purposes

A
  • To treat latent or asymptomatic infection (no evidence of clinical disease; but + TB test)
  • For treatment of active clinical tuberculosis and to prevent relapse – multi-drug regimen
44
Q

how to treat asymptomatic infection (tuberculosis)…

A

Daily administration of isoniazid (INH) for 6-12 months

45
Q

Examples of medications used for TB

A
  • ethambutol (Myambutol)
  • isoniazid (INH)
  • pyrazinamide (PZA)
  • rifampin (Rifadin)
  • streptomycin
46
Q

What is the drug of choice for MRSA?

A

• vancomycin (Vancocin)

47
Q

SMX stands for?-

A

sulfamethoxazole

48
Q

TMP stands for?-

A

trimethoprim

49
Q

What is Bactrim?

A

sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) combined

50
Q

what is bactrim used for?

A

for the treatment of UTIs

51
Q

What is nitrofurantoin used for?-

A

First-line urinary anti-infectives for empiric treatment of uncomplicated lower UTI

52
Q

oseltamivir (Tamiflu) belongs to what class of antivirals?-

A
  • Neuraminidase inhibitors
53
Q

HAART

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy

54
Q

ARV

A

antiretroviral agents

55
Q

What is the usual therapeutic regimen for these agents? (HIV/AIDS)

A

• The primary approach to therapy is disruption of the virus at different stages in its reproduction

56
Q

• Antiretroviral protease inhibitors (PIs)

A

• Block the activity of the HIV enzyme essential for viral replication late in the virus life cycle

57
Q

• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

A

• Inhibit an enzyme responsible for viral replication early in the virus life cycle

58
Q

example of NRTI

A

• Combivir (combination of lamivudine & zidovudine) is a NRTI used in combination with other ARVs

59
Q

• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

A

• Inhibit an enzyme responsible for viral replication early in the viral life cycle

60
Q

• Fusion inhibitors (FIs)

A

• Block entry of HIV into cells, which may keep the virus from reproducing

61
Q

• CCR5 antagonists

A

• Block a co-receptor required for HIV entry into human cells

62
Q

• raltegravir (Isentress):

A

first ARV designed to slow the advancement of HIV infection by blocking the enzyme needed for viral replication

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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