Chapter 15 Exam Flashcards
Diuretics
Increase urine excretion. Reduce the circulating fluid volume to help treat edema and hypertension.
What is the most frequently used kind of diuretic?
Thiazide diuretic
what do thiazide diuretics do??
Increasing excretion of water, sodium, chloride, and potassium
example of thiazide diuretic…
Hydrochlorothiazide
what are the uses of thiazide diuretics?
edema from many causes
hypertension
prophylaxis of calculus.
Hypokalemia
Potassium deficiency
Patient education for diet w/ thiazide diuretics…
potassium rich foods
low sodium diet
limit alcohol consumption
administration with food
how do loop diuretics work?
Act directly on the loop of Henle in the kidney to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption, which in turn inhibits water reabsorption back into the bloodstream, leading to increased urine formation
uses of loop diuretics…
edema associated with renal function, heart failure, or hepatic disease, pulmonary edema, ascites caused by malignancy or cirrhosis, hypertension.
Osmotic agents-
used to reduce intracranial or intraocular pressure.
when are osmotic agents usually used?
Mostly used in emergency situations that involve cranial or spinal trauma and are used to reduce the risk of nervous system damage from swelling.
Diuresis
increased or excessive production of urine
Management of Gout includes…
treating acute attacks
uric-acid lowering therapy
preventing recurrence of acute attacks
when/in who does acute gout attacks happen?
Occurs mostly at night and in patients who are not well hydrated.
Gout
form of arthritis and a metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in various joints, tissues, and sometimes the kidneys which can result in inflammation/pain.
NSAIDS purpose
Relieve pain and should be used cautiously in patients with kidney disease, heart disease or risk factors for GI bleeding
what can be used in patients who can’t tolerate NSAIDs?
corticosteroids
ex of NSAIDs
naproxen, indomethacin, and ibuprofen
colchicine purpose
Used to relieve inflammation in acute gouty arthritis and in the chronic managmenet of gout.
what is the time frame that colchicine must be given?
Must be given within 24 hours of onset of symptoms
how can colchicine be used to prevent future occurences?
Can be used prophylactically at low doses to prevent recurrent attacks.
Uricosuric agents
Act on kidneys by blocking reabsorption and thereby promoting urinary excretion of uric acid
what type of gout can uricosuric agents treat?
Used in the treatment of chronic gout but is not effective to treat acute gout.
Ex of uricosuric agent…
probenecid
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors purpose…
Decreased serum and urinary levels of uric acid. Prevention of renal calculi in patients with a history of frequent stone formation and prevention of acute hyperuricemia during radiation of certain tumors.
what is excluded from Xanthine oxidase inhibitors treatment….
Not effective in treatment of acute gout.
what is the purpose of allopurinol
used to treat chronic gout
OAB
Overactive bladder
what 2 symptoms are included with OAB?
frequency and urgency
how is frequency characterized?
8+ times using the restroom in 24 hours
Antispasmodics
Medications used to reduce the strength and frequency of contractions of the urinary bladder and to decrease gastrointestinal motility.
tolterodine and oxybutynin
decrease bladder tone and suppress bladder contractions in patients with neurogenic bladder, resulting in decreased incontinence.
Cholinergics purpose
Stimulate parasympathetic nerves to bring about contraction of the urinary bladder in cases of nonobstructive urinary retention, usually postoperatively or postpartum
cholinergics nickname…
“Pharmacological catherization.”
Urinary Analgesics-
local anesthetic for urinary tract mucosa. Used for a short time to relieve burning, pain, discomfort, and urgency associated with bladder inflammation.
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
def of BPH
the most common benign tumor in men. Involves hyperplasia leading to prostate enlargement, which interferes with urinary flow.
Antiandgrogens
slow prostate growth and associated urinary obstruction and manifestations. Suppressive not curative
ex of antiandgrogens
finasteride and dutasteride
Alpha-blockers
relax the bladder smooth muscle to make it easier for urine to flow from the bladder through the urethra. Urine flow rate is improved and symptoms of BPH are decreased
ex of alpha-blockers
tamsolusin
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor (PDE)-
approved to treat the signs and symptoms of BPH
