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Pharmacology > Chapter 25 Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What does the apical pulse rate need to be to withhold digoxin?

A

■ If rate is less than 60 bpm, digoxin is withheld

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2
Q

what is another name for adenosine-

A
  • adenocard
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3
Q

adenosine is what?

A
  • Injectable antiarrhythmic agent

- Multiple electrophysiologic activities

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4
Q

how does adenosine work?

A
  • Restores normal sinus rhythm in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia by slowing conduction time through the atrioventricular (AV) node
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5
Q

what 3 properties does adenosine have?

A

-Vasodilatory, antiadrenergic, and negative chronotropic (decrease in rate) properties that act to decrease cardiac oxygen demand

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6
Q

amiodarone is also known as…

A
  • Cordarone
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7
Q

what is amiodarone used for?

A
  • Oral and injectable antiarrhythmic agent approved for treatment of refractory life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias
  • preventing the recurrence of atrial fibrillation
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8
Q

how does amiodarone work in the muscle?

A

-Also relaxes both smooth and cardiac muscle, causing decreases in coronary and peripheral vascular resistance and systolic blood pressure

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9
Q

what is an example of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers?

A

propranolol

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10
Q

propranolol is aka….

A

Inderal

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11
Q

what are beta-blockers?

A

Antiarrhythmics that combat arrhythmias by inhibiting adrenergic (sympathetic) nerve receptors

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12
Q

beta blocker action…

A

–Complex action and the results can include a membrane-stabilizing effect on the heart

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13
Q

Examples of calcium channel blockers

A

verapamil & diltiazem

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14
Q

trade name for verapamil

A

Calan

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15
Q

trade name for diltiazem

A

Cardizem

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16
Q

verapamil and diltiazem are the only calcium channel blockers that…..

A

possess significant antiarrhythmic activity

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17
Q

Calcium channel blockers treatment…

A
  • Indicated for treatment of atrial fibrillation/flutter and PSVT
  • treatment of angina and hypertension
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18
Q

Calcium channel blockers conduction…

A

–Counteract arrhythmias by slowing AV nodal conduction

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19
Q

What does high blood pressure increase?-

A 
–	The risk of angina
–	Myocardial infarction
–	Heart failure
–	Stroke
–	Retinopathy
–	Peripheral arterial disease
–	Kidney disease
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20
Q

Thiazide diuretics-

A

– Most patients meeting the criteria for drug therapy should be started on thiazide-type diuretics
■ Either alone or in combination with a drug from one of the other drug classes
– Appear to be as effective as other antihypertensive agents and are inexpensive

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21
Q

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (ACEIs)-

A

– First- or second-line agents in the treatment of hypertension; decrease vasoconstriction
– Excellent alone or in combination with other antihypertensives (e.g., diuretics)

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22
Q

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) (losartan)-

A

– Similar to ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) (e.g., losartan)

– Block angiotensin receptor that causes vasoconstriction when stimulated by angiotensin II

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23
Q

Peripheral Vasodilator example

A

hydralazine

24
Q

what is hydralazine sometimes used in the treatment of ?

A

moderate to severe hypertension

25
Q

coronary vasodilators Include what agents?

A

-nitroglycerin and isosorbide

26
Q

What coronary vasodilators agent is most commonly used?-

A

nitroglycerin

27
Q

Nitroglycerin form examples-

A 
■	SL tablets and SL spray
■	Timed-release capsules
■	Patch
■	Ointment
■	IV
28
Q

Bile Acid Sequestrants examples

A

– cholestyramine (Questran) and colesevelam (WelChol)

29
Q

Bile Acid sequestrants function…

A

– Bind bile acids in the intestine, interrupting the process by which bile acids are returned to the liver for reuse

30
Q

Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) example…

A

Niaspan

31
Q

Nicotinic acid function…

A

– Reduces hepatic synthesis of triglycerides; inhibits the mobilization of free fatty acids from the peripheral tissues

32
Q

nicotinic acid raises what?

A

-Raises HDL cholesterol levels

33
Q

nicotinic acid lowers what?

A

–Lowers serum total, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels

34
Q

Fibric Acid Derivatives (Fibrates) function…

A

effective in patients who have extremely high triglyceride levels, elevated cholesterol levels, and combined forms of hyperlipidemia

35
Q

why is fibric acid derivatives a good choice for diabetics?

A

because they improve glucose tolerance

36
Q

fibrates fenofibrate example

A

TriCor

37
Q

gemfibrozil example

A

Lopid

38
Q

Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor-

A

moderately reduces LDL by inhibiting intestinal absorption of both dietary and biliary cholesterol, blocking its transport in the small intestine

39
Q

cholesterol absorption inhibitor example

A

Zetia

40
Q

– (EPA) and (DHA) are found in….

A

fatty cold-water fish

41
Q

– (ALA) found in

A

flaxseed, tofu, soybean oil, canola oil, and nuts

42
Q

what do fatty acids do?

A

– Prevent primary and secondary heart disease and reduce triglycerides

43
Q

best source of fatty acids…

A

– Best source fatty fish, like salmon, and fish oil capsules (OTC)

44
Q

omega 3 fatty acids prescription…

A

– Lovaza – prescription only

45
Q

Warfarin function

A

– Alters synthesis of blood coagulation factors in the liver by interfering with the action of vitamin K

46
Q

Platelet inhibitors-

A

■ utilize a variety of mechanisms to interfere with activation pathways to prevent platelet clumping

47
Q

platelet inhibitors are given as prophylactic therapy or as secondary prevention in patients with a history of……

A

stroke, recent MI, or PVD

48
Q

Aspirin therapy-

A

– Ability to inhibit platelet aggregation clumping
– Used after myocardial infarction or recurrent transient ischemic attacks to reduce risk of recurrence
– Used to reduce risk of myocardial infarction in patients with unstable angina

49
Q

– Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is…

A

a natural peptide that initiates fibrinolysis

50
Q

thrombolytic agents function…

A

dissolve and liquefy the fibrin of an existing clot

51
Q

thrombolytic drugs do what?

A

potentiate t-PA, resulting in clot dissolution, reperfusion of organs, and restoration of blood flow to tissues

52
Q

Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents-

A

– Responsible for regulation of the production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

53
Q

examples of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

A

Epogen or Procrit

54
Q

erythropoiesis stimulating agents are approved for what…?

A

–Approved for treatment of anemia, chronic renal failure

55
Q

CSF definition

A

–Lessens severity of myelosuppression in cancer patients; has allowed chemotherapy dose intensification or maintenance of dose intensity

56
Q

filgrastim (Neupogen)

A

is involved in the regulation and production of neutrophils in response to host defense needs

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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