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Pharmacology > Chapter 16 Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Action of Antacids

A

 Act by partially neutralizing gastric hydrochloric acid

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2
Q

how are antacids widely available?

A

 Widely available in many over-the-counter (OTC) preparations

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3
Q

what are antacids used for?

A

for the relief of acid indigestion (dyspepsia), heartburn (pyrosis), and sour stomach

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4
Q

Pyrosis

A

heartburn

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5
Q

Dyspepsia

A

acid indigestion

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6
Q

What products can antacids contain?-

A

 magnesium and/or aluminum antacids most commonly used

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7
Q

What is their duration of action and how often are they administered?-

A

 Generally have a short duration of action, requiring frequent administration

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8
Q

H 2-blockers-

A

 Reduce gastric acid secretion by acting as histamine2 blockers
 Reduce gastric acid released in response to stimuli, such as food and caffeine

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9
Q

ranitidine trade name

A

zantac

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10
Q

what is ranitidine used for?

A

short term acid indigestion and heartburn relief

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11
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)-

A

 Gastric antisecretory agent unrelated to H 2 receptor antagonists
 May be used long-term for severe GERD, to prevent NSAID-induced ulcers, and for hypersecretory conditions

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12
Q

PPI drugs

A

Prevacid, Protonix, Nexium

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13
Q

omeprazole trade name

A

prilosec

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14
Q

what is omeprazole used for?

A

gastric antisecretory agent used short-term for symptomatic relief of GERD, confirmed ulcers, and heartburn

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15
Q

misoprostol is also known as….

A

cytotec

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16
Q

what is misoprostol a form of?

A

Synthetic form of prostaglandin E1

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17
Q

what does misoprostol do?

A

 Inhibits gastric acid secretion and protects the mucosa from the irritant effect of certain drugs

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18
Q

sucralfate is also known as…

A

Carafate

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19
Q

what does sucralfate do?

A

 Inhibitor of pepsin

 Reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a paste that adheres to the mucosa, protecting the ulcer from irritation

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20
Q

when is sucralfate administered?

A

Administered on an empty stomach

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21
Q

what is Helicobacter pylori’s (H. pylori) role?

A

Plays a major role in the development of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer

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22
Q

what type of infection is H pylori?

A

 Bacterial infection

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23
Q

How is h pylori treated?

A

Treated successfully with multiple-drug regimens (over 14 days)

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24
Q

GI Antispasmodics or Anticholinergics-

A

 Help to calm the bowel

 Work by decreasing motility (smooth muscle tone) in the GI tract

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25
dicyclomine is also known as...
Bentyl
26
dicyclomine is what type of agent?
 Anticholinergic/Antimuscarinic agent
27
what is dicyclomine used for?
 Used for treatment of IBS and other functional disturbances of GI motility
28
how does dicyclomine act?
 Acts by decreasing GI motility (smooth muscle tone)
29
IBD
 Chronic condition that causes inflammation in the lining of the GI tract  Includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis  Abnormal defecation; predominant constipation or diarrhea  No cure; symptom control
30
Antidiarrheal Drugs-
 Act in various ways |  Reduce the number of loose stools
31
bismuth subsalicylate is also known as....
Kaopectate, Pepto Bismol
32
how doe bismuth subsalicylate work?
has anti-infective and antisecretory properties, a direct mucosal protective effect, and weak antacid and anti-inflammatory effects
33
examples of Opiate agonists
Lomotil, Imodium
34
how do opiate agonists act?
 Act by slowing intestinal motility, allowing for more reabsorption of fluid  Lomotil combines diphenoxylate with atropine (Schedule C-V controlled substance)
35
Probiotics
 Living microorganisms that can alter a patient’s intestinal flora; may provide benefit in numerous GI diseases
36
examples of lactobacillus....
Lactinex, Bacid, Culturelle
37
what is lactobacillus used for?
 Treatment of simple uncomplicated diarrhea caused by antibiotics
38
examples of saccharomyces boulardii.....
Florastor
39
how is saccharomyces boulardii used?
 Often started within 3 days of antibiotic initiation and continued 3 days after discontinuation to prevent diarrhea
40
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) def...
 One of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in the United States
41
Symptoms of C. Diff
 Symptoms include watery diarrhea, nausea, and/or abdominal pain or tenderness
42
Cause of C diff.
 Caused by eradication of native intestinal flora with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and overuse of Proton pump inhibitors (PPI)and H2-blocker therapy
43
Meds for C. Diff
 Oral medications include antibiotics - metronidazole (Flagyl) or vancomycin
44
What to do for recurrent infections?
 Recurrent infections – fecal transplants
45
Antiflatulents-
 For the symptomatic treatment of gastric bloating and postoperative gas pains  Help to break up gas bubbles in the GI tract
46
ex of antiflatulents?
 simethicone (Mylicon) |  e.g. - Gas-X, Beano, Phazyme
47
Laxatives and Cathartics-
 Laxatives promote evacuation of the intestine and are used to treat constipation  Included in this category are cathartics or purgatives  Promote rapid evacuation of the intestine and alteration of stool consistency
48
how many categories are laxatives/cathartics divided into?
 Divided into seven categories according to action
49
fiber supplements)
 Soften the stool by absorbing water and increase fecal mass to facilitate defecation
50
example of fiber supplements
metamucil
51
Stool softeners-
 Surface-acting agents that moisten stool through a detergent action (docusate)
52
who are stool softeners used for commonly?
 Commonly used for pregnant or nursing women
53
Emollients-
 Promote stool movement through the intestines by softening and coating the stool
54
EX of emollients
(mineral oil)
55
Saline laxatives def
 Promote secretion of water into the intestinal lumen
56
how should saline laxatives be taken?
 Should be taken infrequently, in single doses
57
ex of saline laxatives?
 MOM, citrate of magnesia
58
Stimulant laxatives def
 Cathartic in action; produce strong peristaltic activity; may alter intestinal secretions in several ways
59
ex of stimulant laxatives
senna, castor oil, bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
60
Habit forming and long-term use of stimulant laxatives may lead to what?
laxative dependence
61
Osmotic laxatives-
 Exert an action that draws water from the tissues into the feces and reflexively stimulates evacuation
62
ex of osmotic laxatives
glycerin, Miralax
63
Chloride channel activators-
 lubiprostone increases intestinal fluid secretion by activating specific chloride channels in the intestinal epithelium
64
What laxative category is the choice for pregnant or nursing women and constipated children?-
stool softeners
65
Antiemetics
 For the prevention or treatment of nausea, vomiting, vertigo, or motion sickness

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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