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Pharmacology > Chapter 16 Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Action of Antacids

A

 Act by partially neutralizing gastric hydrochloric acid

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2
Q

how are antacids widely available?

A

 Widely available in many over-the-counter (OTC) preparations

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3
Q

what are antacids used for?

A

for the relief of acid indigestion (dyspepsia), heartburn (pyrosis), and sour stomach

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4
Q

Pyrosis

A

heartburn

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5
Q

Dyspepsia

A

acid indigestion

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6
Q

What products can antacids contain?-

A

 magnesium and/or aluminum antacids most commonly used

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7
Q

What is their duration of action and how often are they administered?-

A

 Generally have a short duration of action, requiring frequent administration

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8
Q

H 2-blockers-

A

 Reduce gastric acid secretion by acting as histamine2 blockers
 Reduce gastric acid released in response to stimuli, such as food and caffeine

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9
Q

ranitidine trade name

A

zantac

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10
Q

what is ranitidine used for?

A

short term acid indigestion and heartburn relief

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11
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)-

A

 Gastric antisecretory agent unrelated to H 2 receptor antagonists
 May be used long-term for severe GERD, to prevent NSAID-induced ulcers, and for hypersecretory conditions

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12
Q

PPI drugs

A

Prevacid, Protonix, Nexium

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13
Q

omeprazole trade name

A

prilosec

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14
Q

what is omeprazole used for?

A

gastric antisecretory agent used short-term for symptomatic relief of GERD, confirmed ulcers, and heartburn

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15
Q

misoprostol is also known as….

A

cytotec

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16
Q

what is misoprostol a form of?

A

Synthetic form of prostaglandin E1

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17
Q

what does misoprostol do?

A

 Inhibits gastric acid secretion and protects the mucosa from the irritant effect of certain drugs

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18
Q

sucralfate is also known as…

A

Carafate

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19
Q

what does sucralfate do?

A

 Inhibitor of pepsin

 Reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a paste that adheres to the mucosa, protecting the ulcer from irritation

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20
Q

when is sucralfate administered?

A

Administered on an empty stomach

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21
Q

what is Helicobacter pylori’s (H. pylori) role?

A

Plays a major role in the development of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer

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22
Q

what type of infection is H pylori?

A

 Bacterial infection

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23
Q

How is h pylori treated?

A

Treated successfully with multiple-drug regimens (over 14 days)

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24
Q

GI Antispasmodics or Anticholinergics-

A

 Help to calm the bowel

 Work by decreasing motility (smooth muscle tone) in the GI tract

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25
Q

dicyclomine is also known as…

A

Bentyl

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26
Q

dicyclomine is what type of agent?

A

 Anticholinergic/Antimuscarinic agent

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27
Q

what is dicyclomine used for?

A

 Used for treatment of IBS and other functional disturbances of GI motility

28
Q

how does dicyclomine act?

A

 Acts by decreasing GI motility (smooth muscle tone)

29
Q

IBD

A

 Chronic condition that causes inflammation in the lining of the GI tract
 Includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
 Abnormal defecation; predominant constipation or diarrhea
 No cure; symptom control

30
Q

Antidiarrheal Drugs-

A

 Act in various ways

 Reduce the number of loose stools

31
Q

bismuth subsalicylate is also known as….

A

Kaopectate, Pepto Bismol

32
Q

how doe bismuth subsalicylate work?

A

has anti-infective and antisecretory properties, a direct mucosal protective effect, and weak antacid and anti-inflammatory effects

33
Q

examples of Opiate agonists

A

Lomotil, Imodium

34
Q

how do opiate agonists act?

A

 Act by slowing intestinal motility, allowing for more reabsorption of fluid
 Lomotil combines diphenoxylate with atropine (Schedule C-V controlled substance)

35
Q

Probiotics

A

 Living microorganisms that can alter a patient’s intestinal flora; may provide benefit in numerous GI diseases

36
Q

examples of lactobacillus….

A

Lactinex, Bacid, Culturelle

37
Q

what is lactobacillus used for?

A

 Treatment of simple uncomplicated diarrhea caused by antibiotics

38
Q

examples of saccharomyces boulardii…..

A

Florastor

39
Q

how is saccharomyces boulardii used?

A

 Often started within 3 days of antibiotic initiation and continued 3 days after discontinuation to prevent diarrhea

40
Q

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) def…

A

 One of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in the United States

41
Q

Symptoms of C. Diff

A

 Symptoms include watery diarrhea, nausea, and/or abdominal pain or tenderness

42
Q

Cause of C diff.

A

 Caused by eradication of native intestinal flora with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and overuse of Proton pump inhibitors (PPI)and H2-blocker therapy

43
Q

Meds for C. Diff

A

 Oral medications include antibiotics - metronidazole (Flagyl) or vancomycin

44
Q

What to do for recurrent infections?

A

 Recurrent infections – fecal transplants

45
Q

Antiflatulents-

A

 For the symptomatic treatment of gastric bloating and postoperative gas pains
 Help to break up gas bubbles in the GI tract

46
Q

ex of antiflatulents?

A

 simethicone (Mylicon)

 e.g. - Gas-X, Beano, Phazyme

47
Q

Laxatives and Cathartics-

A

 Laxatives promote evacuation of the intestine and are used to treat constipation
 Included in this category are cathartics or purgatives
 Promote rapid evacuation of the intestine and alteration of stool consistency

48
Q

how many categories are laxatives/cathartics divided into?

A

 Divided into seven categories according to action

49
Q

fiber supplements)

A

 Soften the stool by absorbing water and increase fecal mass to facilitate defecation

50
Q

example of fiber supplements

A

metamucil

51
Q

Stool softeners-

A

 Surface-acting agents that moisten stool through a detergent action (docusate)

52
Q

who are stool softeners used for commonly?

A

 Commonly used for pregnant or nursing women

53
Q

Emollients-

A

 Promote stool movement through the intestines by softening and coating the stool

54
Q

EX of emollients

A

(mineral oil)

55
Q

Saline laxatives def

A

 Promote secretion of water into the intestinal lumen

56
Q

how should saline laxatives be taken?

A

 Should be taken infrequently, in single doses

57
Q

ex of saline laxatives?

A

 MOM, citrate of magnesia

58
Q

Stimulant laxatives def

A

 Cathartic in action; produce strong peristaltic activity; may alter intestinal secretions in several ways

59
Q

ex of stimulant laxatives

A

senna, castor oil, bisacodyl (Dulcolax)

60
Q

Habit forming and long-term use of stimulant laxatives may lead to what?

A

laxative dependence

61
Q

Osmotic laxatives-

A

 Exert an action that draws water from the tissues into the feces and reflexively stimulates evacuation

62
Q

ex of osmotic laxatives

A

glycerin, Miralax

63
Q

Chloride channel activators-

A

 lubiprostone increases intestinal fluid secretion by activating specific chloride channels in the intestinal epithelium

64
Q

What laxative category is the choice for pregnant or nursing women and constipated children?-

A

stool softeners

65
Q

Antiemetics

A

 For the prevention or treatment of nausea, vomiting, vertigo, or motion sickness

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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