Chapter 16 Exam Flashcards
Action of Antacids
Act by partially neutralizing gastric hydrochloric acid
how are antacids widely available?
Widely available in many over-the-counter (OTC) preparations
what are antacids used for?
for the relief of acid indigestion (dyspepsia), heartburn (pyrosis), and sour stomach
Pyrosis
heartburn
Dyspepsia
acid indigestion
What products can antacids contain?-
magnesium and/or aluminum antacids most commonly used
What is their duration of action and how often are they administered?-
Generally have a short duration of action, requiring frequent administration
H 2-blockers-
Reduce gastric acid secretion by acting as histamine2 blockers
Reduce gastric acid released in response to stimuli, such as food and caffeine
ranitidine trade name
zantac
what is ranitidine used for?
short term acid indigestion and heartburn relief
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)-
Gastric antisecretory agent unrelated to H 2 receptor antagonists
May be used long-term for severe GERD, to prevent NSAID-induced ulcers, and for hypersecretory conditions
PPI drugs
Prevacid, Protonix, Nexium
omeprazole trade name
prilosec
what is omeprazole used for?
gastric antisecretory agent used short-term for symptomatic relief of GERD, confirmed ulcers, and heartburn
misoprostol is also known as….
cytotec
what is misoprostol a form of?
Synthetic form of prostaglandin E1
what does misoprostol do?
Inhibits gastric acid secretion and protects the mucosa from the irritant effect of certain drugs
sucralfate is also known as…
Carafate
what does sucralfate do?
Inhibitor of pepsin
Reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a paste that adheres to the mucosa, protecting the ulcer from irritation
when is sucralfate administered?
Administered on an empty stomach
what is Helicobacter pylori’s (H. pylori) role?
Plays a major role in the development of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer
what type of infection is H pylori?
Bacterial infection
How is h pylori treated?
Treated successfully with multiple-drug regimens (over 14 days)
GI Antispasmodics or Anticholinergics-
Help to calm the bowel
Work by decreasing motility (smooth muscle tone) in the GI tract
dicyclomine is also known as…
Bentyl
dicyclomine is what type of agent?
Anticholinergic/Antimuscarinic agent
what is dicyclomine used for?
Used for treatment of IBS and other functional disturbances of GI motility
how does dicyclomine act?
Acts by decreasing GI motility (smooth muscle tone)
IBD
Chronic condition that causes inflammation in the lining of the GI tract
Includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
Abnormal defecation; predominant constipation or diarrhea
No cure; symptom control
Antidiarrheal Drugs-
Act in various ways
Reduce the number of loose stools
bismuth subsalicylate is also known as….
Kaopectate, Pepto Bismol
how doe bismuth subsalicylate work?
has anti-infective and antisecretory properties, a direct mucosal protective effect, and weak antacid and anti-inflammatory effects
examples of Opiate agonists
Lomotil, Imodium
how do opiate agonists act?
Act by slowing intestinal motility, allowing for more reabsorption of fluid
Lomotil combines diphenoxylate with atropine (Schedule C-V controlled substance)
Probiotics
Living microorganisms that can alter a patient’s intestinal flora; may provide benefit in numerous GI diseases
examples of lactobacillus….
Lactinex, Bacid, Culturelle
what is lactobacillus used for?
Treatment of simple uncomplicated diarrhea caused by antibiotics
examples of saccharomyces boulardii…..
Florastor
how is saccharomyces boulardii used?
Often started within 3 days of antibiotic initiation and continued 3 days after discontinuation to prevent diarrhea
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) def…
One of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in the United States
Symptoms of C. Diff
Symptoms include watery diarrhea, nausea, and/or abdominal pain or tenderness
Cause of C diff.
Caused by eradication of native intestinal flora with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and overuse of Proton pump inhibitors (PPI)and H2-blocker therapy
Meds for C. Diff
Oral medications include antibiotics - metronidazole (Flagyl) or vancomycin
What to do for recurrent infections?
Recurrent infections – fecal transplants
Antiflatulents-
For the symptomatic treatment of gastric bloating and postoperative gas pains
Help to break up gas bubbles in the GI tract
ex of antiflatulents?
simethicone (Mylicon)
e.g. - Gas-X, Beano, Phazyme
Laxatives and Cathartics-
Laxatives promote evacuation of the intestine and are used to treat constipation
Included in this category are cathartics or purgatives
Promote rapid evacuation of the intestine and alteration of stool consistency
how many categories are laxatives/cathartics divided into?
Divided into seven categories according to action
fiber supplements)
Soften the stool by absorbing water and increase fecal mass to facilitate defecation
example of fiber supplements
metamucil
Stool softeners-
Surface-acting agents that moisten stool through a detergent action (docusate)
who are stool softeners used for commonly?
Commonly used for pregnant or nursing women
Emollients-
Promote stool movement through the intestines by softening and coating the stool
EX of emollients
(mineral oil)
Saline laxatives def
Promote secretion of water into the intestinal lumen
how should saline laxatives be taken?
Should be taken infrequently, in single doses
ex of saline laxatives?
MOM, citrate of magnesia
Stimulant laxatives def
Cathartic in action; produce strong peristaltic activity; may alter intestinal secretions in several ways
ex of stimulant laxatives
senna, castor oil, bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
Habit forming and long-term use of stimulant laxatives may lead to what?
laxative dependence
Osmotic laxatives-
Exert an action that draws water from the tissues into the feces and reflexively stimulates evacuation
ex of osmotic laxatives
glycerin, Miralax
Chloride channel activators-
lubiprostone increases intestinal fluid secretion by activating specific chloride channels in the intestinal epithelium
What laxative category is the choice for pregnant or nursing women and constipated children?-
stool softeners
Antiemetics
For the prevention or treatment of nausea, vomiting, vertigo, or motion sickness
