Chapter 3:Evidence -Base Nutrition & Practice Flashcards
- Which statement best describes science?
It is the use of evidence to construct explanations and predictions of natural phenomena.
It is the process of collecting data that confirms a hypothesis while discarding data that refutes it.
It is the collection of ideas that are not subject to falsification.
It is the use of anecdotes to explain observations.
It is the use of evidence to construct explanations and predictions of natural phenomena.
- Which term refers to a proposed explanation for a set of observations?
Hypothesis
Theory
Prediction
Randomized controlled trial
Hypothesis
3.Which term refers to a hypothesis or set of hypotheses for which a large body of high quality evidence has been accumulated?
Theory
Randomized controlled trial
Scientific method
Prediction
Theory
- Which of the following represents the lowest level of evidence?
Randomized controlled trials
Non-peer reviewed media
Observational research
Peer reviewed editorials and expert opinion
Non-peer reviewed media
- Which term refers to the ability to get similar results when something is measured under the same conditions?
Test-retest reliability
Generalizability
Validity
External validity
Test-retest reliability
- Which of the following is an example of descriptive research?
Survey
Meta-analysis
Cohort study
Randomized controlled trial
Survey
7.The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) involves collecting health-related information via telephone interview across the United States. Which term best describes this research?
Cohort study
Survey
Case study
Case-control study
Survey
- Which term describes the phenomena when a group does not represent the population a scientist is intending to study?
Selection bias
Generalizability
Uncontrolled variable
Recall bias
Selection bias
- Which of the following represents a critical evaluation of a study by other scientists?
Narrative review
Scientific method
Systematic review
Peer review
Peer review
- Which item represents a high quality, non-peer reviewed source of information?
Narrative review
Systematic review
Position stand
Academic textbook
Academic textbook
11.Which term encompasses the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and individual client needs?
Science
Primary research
Evidence-based practice
Scientific method
Evidence-based practice
- Which term best describes formulation of a hypothesis, collecting data to test the hypothesis, and changing or discarding the hypothesis when the data does not support it?
Science
Primary research
Evidence-based practice
Scientific method
Scientific method
- Which term describes a variable in an experiment for which a scientist takes no steps to account for?
Independent variable
Uncontrolled variable
Dependent variable
Validity
Uncontrolled variable
- Which term describes how a body of knowledge is based on observation and experience?
Falsifiable
Reliable
Repeatable
Empirical
Empirical
- Which observational study design allows scientists to hypothesize a potential causal association?
Cohort study
Case-control study
Case study
Cross-sectional study
Cohort study
- Scientists perform a study tracking 10,000 people over a 10-year period. They look at their sugar intake at the beginning of the study and then see who develops diabetes over the study duration. Which term best describes this study?
Cohort study
Survey
Case-control study
Cross-sectional study
Cohort study
- Scientists perform a study looking at the effects of caffeine on vertical jump performance. On one day, they give all the subjects caffeine followed by vertical jump tests. Two weeks later, they give all the subjects a placebo followed by the same vertical jump tests. Which term best describes this study design?
Crossover
Parallel
Factorial
Observational
Crossover
- “I tried this diet and lost 30 lbs.” What type of evidence is this?
Randomized controlled trial
Observational research
Expert opinion
Anecdote
Anecdote
20 Scientists take 5000 people and have them fill out questionnaires on their dairy intake. They then compare cancer rates between people with high intakes and low intakes. What type of study is this?
Meta-analysis
Randomized controlled trial
Observational
Anecdotal
Observational
21.Scientists gather 20 studies looking at the relationship between protein intake and lean body mass, and then they statistically analyze them together as a group. What type of study is this?
Observational research
Meta-analysis
Randomized controlled trials
Narrative review
Meta-analysis
- Scientists perform a study comparing 1000 women with breast cancer to 1000 women without breast cancer. They gather information on the women’s diets and look to see if the women diagnosed with breast cancer had more fat in their diet compared to the women who did not get cancer. Which term best describes this study?
Case-control study
Cohort study
Survey
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
- Scientists perform a diet study in which they assign half the people to a continuous dieting group and the other half to an intermittent fasting group. Which term best describes this study design?
Parallel
Observational
Crossover
Factorial
Parallel
- Which of the following represents a strength of observational studies?
Can determine mechanisms for effects
High degree of control
Large subject numbers
Can establish cause and effect
Large subject numbers
- A scientist observes that people tend to perform better in a weight training session after consuming a pre-workout supplement. The scientist proposes that the caffeine in the supplement is increasing arousal, leading to increased performance. Which term best describes this scientist’s proposal?
Theory
Conclusion
Prediction
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
- A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, and performs a study comparing a high-sugar diet to a low-sugar diet with equal calories. He finds that fat gain was the same between the diets. Which term describes how this study effects the initial proposal?
Prediction
Validity
Falsification
Scientific method
Falsification
- A scientist hypothesizes that a supplement will increase resistance training performance. A study is carried out, and the results do not support the hypothesis. Multiple studies by independent labs also fail to support the hypothesis. What is the appropriate response regarding the hypothesis?
The hypothesis should continue to be tested.
The predictions have been falsified and the hypothesis is discarded.
The predictions have been confirmed but the hypothesis is discarded.
The predictions have been falsified but the hypothesis is upheld.
The predictions have been falsified and the hypothesis is discarded.
- A scientist hypothesizes that a supplement will improve fat loss by suppressing appetite. Which item represents a prediction generated by this hypothesis?
Subjects will eat less after taking the supplement compared to when they do not take it.
Subjects will lose fat after taking the supplement with no change in the amount of food consumed.
Subjects taking the supplement will lose a similar amount of fat as subjects who do not take it.
Subjects will eat a similar amount of food after taking the supplement compared to when they do not take it.
Subjects will eat less after taking the supplement compared to when they do not take it.
- Scientists randomly assign subjects to a low or high carbohydrate group and then look at changes in body weight over 3 months. Which item represents the independent variable in this study?
Diet type
Subjects
Body weight
Length of study (3 months)
Diet type
- Seven studies show Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. Three studies show no difference. Assuming all the studies are equivalent in quality, which item best describes this situation?
The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed.
It is unknown whether Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B.
The weight of the evidence suggests that Diet A and B are equivalent in their ability to lower cholesterol.
There are insufficient studies to conclude that Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B.
The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed.
- Fructose has been shown in studies to have adverse effects on blood triglycerides when consumed in excess of calorie needs. However, moderate doses of fructose have been shown to have no effect. Which of the following items best describes the conclusion that should be drawn from this data?
There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions as to the impact of fructose intake on triglycerides.
There is no reason to ever restrict fructose intake.
Fructose intake poses no risk to triglycerides when consumed within energy needs, but caution is warranted if calorie intake is high.
Fructose should be limited in the diet as much as possible.
Fructose intake poses no risk to triglycerides when consumed within energy needs, but caution is warranted if calorie intake is high.
- Numerous studies, including genetic studies, randomized controlled trials on lipid lowering medications, and observational studies point to LDL having a causal role in heart disease. Which term best describes the concept that LDL plays a causal role in heart disease?
Hypothesis
Theory
Prediction
Conclusion
Theory
- A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, independent of its calorie content. If that proposal is true, then that would mean that high-sugar diets should increase fat gain independent of their calorie content. What term describes this potential consequence?
Prediction
Conclusion
Theory
Hypothesis
Prediction
42.Studies show that Diet A causes more weight loss than Diet B. A client is able to better adhere to Diet B than Diet A. Which item represents the best option for this client?
Start with Diet A, then gradually transition to Diet B
Diet A
Alternate between Diet A and B
Diet B
Diet B
