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BMS 251 > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

What is part of the accessory organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

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2
Q

what is part of the GI tract?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anal canal

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3
Q

Introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the oral cavity; 1st step of digesting and absorbing nutrients

A

Ingestion

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4
Q

Voluntary and involuntary muscular contractions for mixing and moving materials through the GI tract

A

Motility

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5
Q

Process of producing and releasing substances such as enzymes, acids, and bile into the GI tract

A

Secretion

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6
Q

Break down of ingested food into smaller pieces

A

Digestion

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7
Q

Activity of specific enzymes to break down chemical bonds to change larger molecules into smaller molecules

A

Chemical digestion

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8
Q

Ingested material is physically broken down into smaller units by chewing and mixing without chemicals

A

Mechanical digestion

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9
Q

Membrane transport of digested molecules, electrolytes,vitamins, and water from GI tract into blood or lymph

A

Absorption

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10
Q

Expulsion of digested indigestible components that are not absorbed

A

Elimination

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11
Q

Contains simple columnar epithelia, lamina propria, connective tissues with blood and lymph capillaries

A

Mucosa

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12
Q

What is the function of mucosa?

A

Absorption and secretion

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13
Q

contains connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels, MALT

A

Submucosa

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14
Q

Contains circular and longitudinal smooth muscle, myenteric nerve plexus

A

Muscularis

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15
Q

What is the function of the muscularis layer?

A

Allow peristalsis and mixing, stretching of the wall

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16
Q

Connective tissue covered by visceral peritoneum

A

Serosa

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17
Q

How is the digestive system regulated?

A

AP sent to CNS, affects nerves VII, IX, X; go to salivary glands, muscularis layer of GI tract, pancreas

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18
Q

Detect pressure in particular region of GI tract

A

Stretch Baroreceptors

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19
Q

Detect specific substances within the lumen

A

Chemical baroreceptors

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20
Q

Ap sent to CNS, autonomic response to cranial nerves VII, IX, X; causes secretion and smooth muscle contraction

A

Long reflex

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21
Q

Ap sent to nerves of myenteric nerve plexus, smooth muscle contraction

A

Short reflex

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22
Q

Chewing involving teeth and tongue

A

Mastication

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23
Q

Moisten food to break down starch, dissolve food molecules, clean/inhibit bacteria

A

Chemical breakdown of food

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24
Q

Made of stratified squamous epithelium; protection from abrasion of food

A

Wall of esophagus

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25
Q

Closes off all the time unless food comes in

A

Superior esophageal sphincter

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26
Q

Closes off area right before stomach unless food comes in; prevents acid in stomach from damaging esophagus

A

inferior esophageal sphincter

27
Q

Phase in swallowing when mastication forms bolus, tongue pushes food back to oropharynx

A

Voluntary phase

28
Q

Phase in swallowing when sensory receptors are stimulated, AP sent to swallowing center, causes the elevation of soft palate and uvula, movement of larynx

A

Pharyngeal phase

29
Q

Phase in swallowing when movement through the esophagus

A

Esophageal phase

30
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Mechanical and chemical digestion

31
Q

Depressions within mucosal layer, ends to gastric gland

A

Gastric pit

32
Q

Digested food in stomach

A

Chyme

33
Q

Cells that line the lumen and gastric pit, secretes alkaline mucin protection; prevents stomach acid from damaging stomach

A

Surface mucous cells

34
Q

Cells that are below the base of the gastric pit and gland; secretes acidic mucin to create acidic environment

A

Mucous neck cells

35
Q

Cells that secrete intrinsic factor to absorb vitamin B12 and HCl to drop pH and convert pepsinogen to pepsin

A

Parietal cells

36
Q

Cells that secrete pepsinogen which eventually converts to pepsin

A

Chief cells

37
Q

Cells that secrete gastrin that stimulates stomach secretions and motility

A

G-Cells

38
Q

What is the stimulus of the cephalic phase?

A

Thinking, smelling, tasting food

39
Q

AP is sent to medulla oblongata, AP sent to stomach via vagus nerve, results in an increase in contractile force and increase in secretion by gastric glands

A

Cephalic phase

40
Q

Bolus enters stomach, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors stimulate, AP sent to medulla oblongata and stomach via vagus nerve, results in an increase in gastric gland secretion and contractile force

A

Gastric phase

41
Q

Chyme enters duodenum, inhibitory AP sent to medulla oblongata, results in decrease in contractile force and gastric gland secretions

A

Intestinal phase

42
Q

___ is released during the intestinal phase. Causes a decrease in contractile force and secretion

A

CCK

43
Q

Spontaneously depolarize, AP sent to muscularis layer, results in establishing rhythm in muscular contractions

A

Pacemaker cells

44
Q

Increases surface area, slows down food particles in the small intestine

A

Mucosa

45
Q

Absorb a majority of chyme’s lipids, contains lymph capillaries and made up of simple columnar epithelium

A

Microvilli

46
Q

Includes peyer patches, lymph and blood capillaries, and nerves in small intestine

A

Submucosa

47
Q

Contains longitudinal and circular muscles in small intestine

A

muscularis

48
Q

What 3 cells are in the intestinal glands?

A

goblet, unicellular gland, enteroendocrine

49
Q

Chyme mixes with digestive secretions

A

Segmentation

50
Q

Movement of materials down GI tract

A

Peristalsis

51
Q

Short reflex; stimulus is food entering stomach, AP sent to ileocecal sphincter, relaxation, contents move to large intestine

A

Gastroileal reflex

52
Q

Ring of smooth muscle, closed until stimulus happens

A

Ileocecal sphincter

53
Q

Ribbon of muscle, longitudinal muscle of muscularis layer, help bunch up large intestine

A

Teniae coli

54
Q

What is peristalsis like in the large intestine?

A

weak and sluggish

55
Q

Distention stimulates muscle contraction

A

Haustral churning

56
Q

Moves fecal matter from transverse colon to cecum

A

Mass movements

57
Q

Oxygenated blood to liver

A

Hepatic artery

58
Q

Deoxygenated blood with nutrients, collects nutrients from small intestine

A

Hepatic portal vein

59
Q

Breakdown, balance, create nutrients; store glucose, minerals, vitamins, synthesize bile and cholesterol, remove harmful substances, regulate amino acids

A

Hepatocytes

60
Q

Allows liver to have dual blood supply

A

Hepatic portal system

61
Q

Acinar cells form pancreatic juices

A

Exocrine pancreas

62
Q

Pancreatic islets release hormones

A

Endocrine pancreas

63
Q

Increase blood sugar

A

Glucagon (alpha cells)

64
Q

Decrease blood sugar

A

Insulin (beta cells)

BMS 251 (12 decks)

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