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BMS 251 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

transportation, regulate body temperature, body pH, fluid balance, protection

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2
Q

Study of blood

A

Hematology

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3
Q

What does blood transport?

A

formed elements, ions, dissolved molecules

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4
Q

How does blood regulate body temperature?

A

absorb heat from body cells as it passes blood vessels, heat is released at body surface

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5
Q

How does blood regulate body pH

A

contains chemical buffers (bicarbonate) that bind and release hydrogen ions

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6
Q

How does the blood regulate fluid balance?

A

Contains ions and proteins that exert osmotic pressure to pull fluid back to capillaries

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7
Q

How does the blood protect the body?

A

Has leukocytes, plasma proteins, protects against blood loss

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8
Q

How much does plasma make up in blood?

A

55%

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9
Q

How much do formed elements make up in blood?

A

45%

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10
Q

What is contained in the formed elements?

A

Buffy coat (WBC, platelets), red blood cells

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11
Q

Color of blood that is oxygen rich

A

Scarlet

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12
Q

Color of blood that oxygen poor

A

Dark red

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13
Q

What is the significance of volume of blood?

A

Maintain adequate blood pressure

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14
Q

What does thicker blood viscosity result in?

A

Decrease in blood flow

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15
Q

Determines osmosis, flow of fluid in or out of capillaries

A

Plasma concentration

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16
Q

What is the average temperature of blood?

A

100.4 F

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17
Q

What happens if pH is off in blood?

A

Plasma proteins are unable to carry out function

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18
Q

What is the average pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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19
Q

Plasma without fibrinogens

A

Serum

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20
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

Water, plasma proteins, dissolved molecules

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21
Q

What makes a majority of plasma?

A

Water

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22
Q

Mainting pH, viscosity, and fluid balance

A

Plasma protein

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23
Q

Made by liver, exert osmotic force on capillary walls, retains fluid in blood, transports hormones, ions and lipids

A

Albumin

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24
Q

Transportation of lipids and ions, contain gamma ___ which are antibodies

A

Globulin

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25
Q

Blood clotting protein

A

Fibrinogen

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26
Q

Enzymes and hormones

A

Regulatory proteins

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27
Q

Water and pH balance, neuron and muscle function

A

Electrolytes

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28
Q

What is included in electrolytes?

A

Na, K, Ca, HCO3, Cl

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29
Q

What are the types of nutrients in dissolved molecules and ions?

A

Glucose, amino acids, lactic acids, iron, lipids

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30
Q

What types of dissolved molecules/ ions are in the blood?

A

Electrolytes, respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes

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31
Q

Movement of large amounts of fluid and dissolved substances down a pressure gradient out of capillaries into tissues

A

Filtration

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32
Q

Movement of fluid out of tissues into the capillaries

A

Reabsorption

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33
Q

Physical force exerted by a fluid on a blood vessel/wall

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

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34
Q

Pull of water back into the capillaries

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

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35
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure dependent on?

A

Concentration of solutes

36
Q

What kind of pressure is high on arteriole end?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

Difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

A

Net flitration pressure

38
Q

Released from right atrium, causes vasodilation, increase urine output

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

39
Q

What is the stimulus for atrial natriuretic peptide to be released

A

Increase stretch of atrial walls

40
Q

What is the stimulus for antidiuretic hormone?

A

Increase in blood concentration

41
Q

Were is antidiuretic hormone released?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

42
Q

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone?

A

Increase water absorption, thirst, blood volume and blood pressure

43
Q

Inactive hormone produced and released by the liver

A

Angiotensinogen

44
Q

Found in high concentration of pulmonary capillaries

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

45
Q

What is the stimulus for angiotensin?

A

Low blood pressure in kidneys or sympathetic stimulation

46
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin II?

A

Vasoconstriction, increase in thirst, decrease urinary output, BP increases

47
Q

Production of all types of blood in bone marrow

A

Hemopoiesis

48
Q

Formation of erythrocytes

A

Erythropoiesis

49
Q

What are the steps for erythropoiesis?

A

Hemocytoblast, myeloid, erythropoietin, erythrocytes

50
Q

Production of leukocytes

A

Leukopoiesis

51
Q

What are the steps for leukocytes?

A

hemocytoblast,myeloid, growth factor, leukocytes

52
Q

What are the steps for lymphoid cells?

A

hemocytoblast, lymphoid, growth factor, lymphoid cell

53
Q

Production of platelets

A

Thrombopoiesis

54
Q

What type of shape do RBC’s have?

55
Q

What does the biconcave shape help with?

A

traveling is easier, surface area increases

56
Q

what is the lifespan for RBC?

57
Q

Red pigmented protein that transports oxygen

A

hemoglobin

58
Q

hemoglobin not bound to oxygen

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

59
Q

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

A

Oxyhemoglobin

60
Q

What is erythrocyte production controlled by?

A

erythropoietin

61
Q

What is the stimulus for erythropoietin?

A

low levels of oxygen in blood

62
Q

Where is erythropoietin released from?

63
Q

Increases RBC production in red bone marrow, levels of oxygen increase

A

Erythropoietin

64
Q

What are erythrocytes phagocytized by?

A

Macrophages in liver and spleen

65
Q

Enter blood used for protein synthesis

66
Q

Stored in liver, transferred to bone marrow for new RBC

67
Q

Converted to bilirubin, transported by alembics to liver to add into bile

68
Q

Contains nucleus and organelles, 1.5-3x larger, able to to move into extracellular fluid

A

Leukocytes

69
Q

Phagocytize, pathogens especially bacteria, release enzymes that target pathogen, most abundant

A

Neutrophil

70
Q

Phagocytize antigen, antibody complexes and allergens, release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms

A

Eosinophil

71
Q

Release histamine and heparin during inflammatory response, least abundant

72
Q

Coordinate immune cell activity, produce antibodies, attack pathogens and abnormal/ infected cells

A

lymphocyte

73
Q

Leaves blood, becomes macrophages and phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, and dead cells

74
Q

Determines the percentage of each type of WBC’s present in blood

A

Differential count

75
Q

Smallest of formed elements

76
Q

Derived from megakaryocytes, helps stops blood loss

77
Q

What is the life span for platelets?

78
Q

Process of blood clotting

A

Hemostasis

79
Q

What are the 3 steps to hemostasis?

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

80
Q

What happens during vascular spasm?

A

Vasoconstriction

81
Q

Molecules that line the endothelial wall; prevents platelet from sticking to the wall

A

Prostacyclin

82
Q

What happens during the platelet plug formation?

A

Platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers and change shape which forms a platelet plug

83
Q

Initiated by damage inside of the blood vessel wall; platelets release clotting factor and cascade event occurs

A

Intrinsic pathway

84
Q

Initiated by damage outside of the blood vessel wall; involves calcium and clotting factors

A

Extrinsic pathway

85
Q

Contractile proteins within the platelet squeeze serum out of clot; clot shrinks

A

Clot retraction

86
Q

Degradation of fibrin strands

A

Fibrinolysis

BMS 251 (12 decks)

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