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BMS 251 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Maintenance of a stable internal environment by self-regulating physiological processes

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

How is homeostasis maintained in the body?

A

endocrine and nervous systems

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3
Q

initial stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus

A

negative feedback

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4
Q

initial stimulus that produces a response that reinforces the stimulus

A

positive feedback

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5
Q

what is the communication method of the endocrine system?

A

secrete hormones into blood

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6
Q

What is the target of stimulation for the endocrine system?

A

any cell with receptor for the hormone

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7
Q

what is the response time of the endocrine system?

A

slow; minutes to hours

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8
Q

what is the the effect of stimulation in the endocrine system?

A

change metabolic activity in cell

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9
Q

what is the range of effect in the endocrine system?

A

widespread effects throughout body

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10
Q

what is the duration of the response for the endocrine system?

A

long-lasting, may last after stimulus is gone

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11
Q

What are the general functions controlled by the endocrine system?

A

maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control reproductive activity, regulate development, growth, metabolism, control digestive processes

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12
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume?

A

Regulate amount of substances dissolved within the plasma

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13
Q

How does the endocrine system control reproductive activities?

A

Development, growth of reproductive system, expression, sexual behavior

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14
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate development, growth, and metabolism?

A

Regulate roles in cell differentiation and division, control metabolic processes during synthesis and degradation

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15
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate digestive processes?

A

influence secretory processes and movement of materials

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16
Q

hormones that circulate in blood throughout the body

A

circulating hormones

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17
Q

hormones that act locally

A

local hormones

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of local hormones?

A

paracrine, autocrine

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19
Q

act on neighboring cells?

20
Q

act on same cell that secreted them

21
Q

what type of solubility do steroid hormones have?

A

lipid soluble

22
Q

enter cell membrane and bind to receptors inside target cell; may stimulate transcription of genes to make certain proteins (can alter structure or change metabolic activity when new protein is made)

A

Steroid hormone

23
Q

Steroid hormone connected to a carrier molecule

A

bound hormone

24
Q

steroid hormone not connected to a carrier molecule

A

unbound hormone

25
Q

how fast is the response time for steroid hormones?

26
Q

what are some examples of steroid hormones?

A

testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, cortisol

27
Q

Hormone and receptor bound together in the cell

A

hormone receptor complex (HRC)

28
Q

HRC binds to DNA sequence in nucleus

A

Hormone response element

29
Q

What does the hormone response element stimulate?

A

mRNA synthesis which interacts with ribosomes

30
Q

What type of solubility do protein hormones have?

A

water soluble

31
Q

Do protein hormones enter the cell directly?

A

no; hormone bind to receptor proteins in plasma membrane which creates signal transduction pathway

32
Q

What is the response time for protein hormones?

33
Q

Modified amino acids

A

Biogenic amines

34
Q

What are some examples of biogenic amines?

A

Adrenal gland and thyroid gland hormones

35
Q

What is hormone synthesis and release controlled by?

36
Q

release one hormone in response to another hormone

A

Hormonal stimulation

37
Q

Release one hormone in response to changing levels of nutrients

A

Humoral stimulation

38
Q

release hormone in response from stimulation of the nervous system

A

Nervous system stimulation

39
Q

What is target cell response dependent of?

A

Hormone concentration in blood and abundance of target cell receptors, influence exerted by other hormones

40
Q

Increases number of receptors due to a low concentration of a hormone

A

up regulation

41
Q

decreases number of receptors due to a high concentration of a hormone

A

down regulation

42
Q

1 hormone reinforces the activity of another (work together)

A

synergistically

43
Q

one hormone is dependent of another hormone (need each other)

A

Permissively

44
Q

hormones have opposite effects on each other

A

Antagonistically

45
Q

What are the 3 main steps in an interaction between protein hormone and target cell?

A
  1. ) 1st messenger binds to receptor
  2. ) G protein binds to activated receptor
  3. ) G protein is released

BMS 251 (12 decks)

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