Chapter 25

Question 1

List the factors that influence the percentage of body fluid

Answer 1

Age of an individual and relative amounts of adipose connective tissue and skeletal muscle tissue

Question 2

Explain the significance of percentage of body fluid relative to fluid balance

Answer 2

The lower percentage of body fluid, the more likely to experience a fluid imbalance

Question 3

Fluid within our cells; composed of potassium, magnesium cations, phosphate anion, negatively charged proteins

Answer 3

ICF

Question 4

Includes both intracellular fluid and blood plasma; contains sodium, calcium cations, chloride, bicarbonate anions; contains more proteins compared to ICF

Answer 4

ECF

Question 5

Explain how fluid moves between the major body fluid compartments

Answer 5

Responds to osmolarity changes through osmosis. Water will move into a compartment to balance out the water concentration. Moves from hypotonic to hypertonic.

Question 6

Fluid intake is equal to fluid output and a normal distribution of water and solutes is present in the ICF and ECF

Answer 6

Fluid Balance

Question 7

Addition of water to the body, includes preformed water and metabolic water

Answer 7

Fluid intake

Question 8

water absorbed from food and drink taken into the GI tract

Answer 8

Preformed water

Question 9

Includes water produced daily from aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis

Answer 9

Metabolic water

Question 10

loss of water from the body

Answer 10

Fluid output

Question 11

How is fluid lost from the body?

Answer 11

Fluid is lost through breathing, sweating, cutaneous transpiration (evaporation of water directly through the skin), defecation, urination

Question 12

fluid output does not equal fluid intake or when fluid is distributed unevenly

Answer 12

Fluid imbalance

Question 13

Isotonic fluid loss is greater than isotonic fluid gain

Answer 13

Volume depletion

Question 14

What are some examples of volume depletion?

Answer 14

hemorrhage, severe burns, diarrhea, chronic vomiting, hyposecretion of aldosterone

Question 15

Isotonic fluid gain is greater than isotonic fluid loss; results when fluid intake is normal, but decreased fluid loss through the kidneys

Answer 15

Volume excess

Question 16

What are some examples of volume excess?

Answer 16

renal failure, aldosterone hypersecretion

Question 17

Water loss is greater than the loss of solutes and blood plasma becomes hypertonic

Answer 17

Dehydration

Question 18

What are some examples of dehydration?

Answer 18

profuse sweating, diabetes mellitus, intake of alcohol, hypo secretion of ADH, insufficient water intake, over exposure to the cold

Question 19

Caused by blood plasma becoming hypotonic and fluid moving from blood plasma to ICF and then into the cells; cells will swell with water

Answer 19

Hypotonic hydration

Question 20

What are some examples of hypotonic hydration?

Answer 20

ADH hypersecretion, and not drinking electrolytes after excessive sweating

Question 21

Total body fluid is normal but distributed unequally; fluid accumulates in a particular location but not available to use elsewhere

Answer 21

Fluid sequestration

Question 22

What are some examples of fluid sequestration?

Answer 22

edema hemorrhage, pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, ascites

Question 23

Describe the stimuli that increase fluid intake

Answer 23

Decreased salivary secretions, increased blood osmolarity, decreased blood pressure

Question 24

Describe the stimuli that decrease fluid intake

Answer 24

Increased salivary secretions, distension of the stomach, decreased blood osmolarity, increase in blood pressure

Question 25

Explain the stimulus for angiotensinogen II formation

Answer 25

Low blood pressure or stimulation by the sympathetic division

Question 26

Explain the four primary effects of angiotensin II

Answer 26

Stimulates vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels, decrease urine output, stimulates the thirst center in hypothalamus, stimulates hypothalamus and posterior pituitary to release ADH and aldosterone

Question 27

Explain the stimulus for the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary

Answer 27

Released in response to nerve signals from the hypothalamus; low blood pressure, low blood volume, increase in blood osmolarity

Question 28

What are the 3 actions of ADH?

Answer 28

Stimulates the thirst center, increases water absorption of the kidneys by increasing the number of aquaporins in the tubular membrane, vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels that increase peripheral resistance

Question 29

Explain the stimulus for the release of aldosterone

Answer 29

Response to angiotensin II, decreased blood plasma sodium levels, increased blood plasma potassium levels

Question 30

Describe the changes that occur in response to the binding of aldosterone by the kidney cells

Answer 30

Bind to principle cells in the kidneys that cause an increased reabsorption and retention of sodium and water and increased secretion of potassium by increasing the number of sodium potassium channels

Question 31

Describe the stimulus for the release of atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 31

Increased stretch of hear chambers from an increased blood volume and blood pressure

Question 32

Decreases blood volume and blood pressure by binding onto…

1. Blood vessels: dilates systemic blood vessels, decreasing total peripheral resistance
2. Kidneys: causes vasodilation of afferent arterioles in the kidneys and relaxation of mesangial cells; increase glomerular filtration rate

Answer 32

ANP