Chapter 22 Flashcards
Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic
Are viruses prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
None
Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
What type of infectious agent can be killed by antibiotics?
Bacteria
What diseases are associated with bacteria?
Strep throat, tuberculosis, syphilis, diptheria, tetanus, lyme disease, salmonella, anthrax
What disease are associated with viruses?
Common cold, flu, polio, mumps, measles, hepatitis, rubella, HIV, herpes, ebola
What diseases are associated with fungi?
athlete’s foot, diaper rash, yeast infection
Parasites that must enter the cell to replicate, cannot be killed with antibiotics
Viruses
Produce spores and release prokaryotic enzymes
Fungi
Single celled infections agents that multiply fast in tissue
Bacteria
Engulf foregins substances, first to arrive at inflammatory response and most abundant
Neutrophil
Destroy parasites, associated with allergy and asthma response
Eonsinophil
Increase fluid movement, release histamine that increases vasodilation and capillary permeability
Basophil
Lymphatic structures that engulf foreign substances
Lymphocytes (B and T-cells)
Engulf foreign materials and stays/arrives later in immunity responses; live in tissues
Macrophages
Blood lymphatic structure that release chemicals to destroy unhealthy cells
Natural killer cells
Connective tissue and viscera structure; secretes histamine
Mast cells
Skin and mucous membranes; engulf foreign substances
Dendritic cells
Small soluble proteins that communicate between cells, control development and behavior of effector cells and regulate inflammatory response
Cytokines
Defense mechanisms of immunity we are born with
Innate immunity
Specific B and T- lymphocytes which respond to foreign substances to which we a exposed to during our lifetime
Adaptive immunity
Contrains sebaceous oil gland secretions that lower the pH preventing the growth of bacteria; sweat gland secretions that wash away other microbes
Intact skin
Contains lysozyme that destroy the bacterial cell wall, flow of mucus washes bacteria/virus off mucus membrane
Mucus and cilia
Engulf cells, chemical secretions to promote inflammation or destroy pathogens and parasites
Cellular defenses
Proteins that attack foreign microorganisms
Antimicrobial proteins
What is an example of antimicrobial microorganisms?
Interferons
Binds to neighboring cell which stimulates macrophages and natural killer cells to destroy the cell
Interferons
What happens in the first step of inflammation?
Release of chemicals, basophils mast cell of damage tissue
What happens in the second step of inflammation?
Basophil and mast cells release histamine to initiate an inflammatory response
What does histamine do during inflammation?
Vasodilation and increase permeability of WBC
What happens in the third step of inflammation?
Recruitment of leukocytes, more from blood into tissue
What leukocyte first arrives during an inflammatory response?
Neutrophils
What are the effects of inflammation?
increased fluid, protein, immune cells in tissue, hydrostatic pressure in interstitial space, movement into lymphatic capillaries; prevents infection
What are the 5 cardinal signals of inflammation?
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Caused by increased blood flow and more hemoglobin
Redness
Caused by increased blood flow and metabolic activity
Heat
Caused by increased fluid loss from capillaries
Swelling
Caused by stimulation of pain receptors
Pain
What does fever affect?
promote Interferon activity, inhibit bacteria and virus reproduction, increase activity of adaptive immunity, accelerate tissue repair
Chemicals that are released to increase body temperature in response to toxins and trauma
Pyrogen
Immunoglobin that binds to a specific antigen, released by plasma cells
Antibody
Reacts with antibodies or immune cells of the affected object
Antigen
Antigens encountered by macrophage will bring it to helper T-cell
Antigen recognition
What are the 3 subtypes of T-cells?
Helper, Cytotoxic, memory
Identifies antigen as foreign, involved in most aspects of immunity; have receptors to recognize antigens, will release cytokines
Helper T-cell
What is the effect of cytokines?
Stimulate cytotoxic T-cells, B-cell division
Chemicals released that are toxic to cells
Cytotoxic T-cell
Formed after 1st exposure of antigen, causing a faster response
Memory B and T-cells
Have antibodies located on the surface of the cell that bind to the antigen. Will replicate really fast when foreign antigen gets attached
B-cells
Cells that give us more antibodies by dividing rapidly
Plasma Cells
Various protein chains that tag/destroy foreign particles; signals immune cells to attack
Antibodies
Antibodies that attach to B-cells
Antibodies as receptors
Antibodies that bind to foreign antigen, signals immune cells to attack
Free antibodies
