Chapter 22- Metabolic Pathways For Carbohydrates and chapter 23-metabolism and energy production

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

All chemical reactions that provide energy and the substances required for continues cell growth

Question 2

Catabolic reactions

Answer 2

Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones with the accompanying release of energy

Question 3

Anabolic reactions

Answer 3

Utilize energy available in the cell to build large molecules from simple ones

Question 4

Three stages of catabolic reactions

Answer 4

Stage 1- digestion; breaks down the large macromolecules into small monomer units
Stage 2- carbohydrates are broken down further and create pyruvate
Stage 3- carbons enter citric acid cycle and produce further CO2 and reduced coenzymes

Question 5

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 5

Cells in plants and animals

Question 6

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 6

Cells in single called organisms such as bacteria

No nucleus

Question 7

Cell membrane

Answer 7

Lipid bilayer that separates the materials inside the cell from the aqueous environment outside the cell

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

Contains gene that control DNA replication and protein synthesis in the cell

Question 9

Cytoplasm

Answer 9

Consists of all the materials between the nucleus and the membrane

Question 10

Cytosol

Answer 10

The fluid part of the cytoplasm

Catalyze many of the cells chemical reactions

Question 11

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Two forms-
Rough- proteins are processed for secretion and phospholipids are synthesized
Smooth- fats and steroids are synthesized

Question 12

Colgi complex

Answer 12

Modifies proteins it receives from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretes modifies proteins into fluid surrounding the cell, and forms glycoproteins and cell membranes

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

Contain enzymes that break down recyclable cellular structures that are no longer needed by the cell

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

Energy-producing factories of the cells

Outer membrane and inner membrane

Question 15

Matrix

Answer 15

Fluid section surrounded by the inner membrane

Question 16

ATP molecule

Answer 16

Base adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphoryl groups

Question 17

Energy per mole of ATP

Answer 17

7.3 kcals

Question 18

ATP hydrolysis

Answer 18

ATP undergoes hydrolysis to give energy, adenosine diphosphate (adp) and HPO4(2-)

ATP–> ADP+Pi+ 7.3 kcal/mole

Question 19

ATP molecules hydrolyzed per second

Answer 19

1-2 million

Question 20

What drives reactions?

Answer 20

ATP

Question 21

Coupling of reactions

Answer 21

Many reactions do not occur naturally but can be made by coupling them with a reaction that releases energy
These reactions are also used to transmit impulses, transport substances across membranes and to contract muscles

Question 22

Oxidation

Answer 22

Loss of hydrogen ions and electrons

Question 23

Reduction

Answer 23

Gain of hydrogen ions and electrons or a decrease in oxygen

Question 24

NAD+

Answer 24

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Important coenzyme I which the vitamin niacin provides the nicotinamide group, which is bonded to ADP

Question 25

FAD

Answer 25

Flavin adenine dinucleotide | Coenzyme that contains ADP and riboflavin

Question 26

Riboflavin

Answer 26

Consists of ribitol(sugar alcohol) and flavin

Question 27

Coenzyme A

Answer 27

Aminoethanethiol attached to panthenic acid, bonded to ADP main function- prepare small acyl groups for reactions with enzymes

Question 28

Digestion

Answer 28

A process that converts large molecules to smaller ones that can be absorbed by the body

Question 29

Amylase

Answer 29

Enzyme produced in the salivary glands Hydrolyzes some glycosidic bonds to create maltose, glucose, and dextrins

Question 30

Lactose intolerance

Answer 30

25% of US Enzyme needed to digest lactose is missing Symptoms: nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea

Question 31

Anaerobic process

Answer 31

No oxygen is required

Question 32

Glycosis

Answer 32

Yields two molecules of 3carbon pyruvate Yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 33

Reaction 1 of glycosis

Answer 33

Hexokinase

Question 34

Reaction 3 of glycosis

Answer 34

Phosphofructokinase

Question 35

Reaction 10 of glycosis

Answer 35

Pyruvate kinase

Question 36

Aerobic

Answer 36

Uses oxygen Yields more energy that anaerobic

Question 37

Bacteria

Answer 37

Can also be used to convert pyruvate to lactate under anaerobic conditions

Question 38

Fermentation

Answer 38

Converts sugars to ethanol under anaerobic conditions Produces solutions up to 15% alcohol by volume, this is when the alcohol kills the yeast and fermentation stops

Question 39

Decarboxylation

Answer 39

Carbon atom removed in the form of CO2

Question 40

Beer

Answer 40

Fermentation of barley malt

Question 41

Wine and champagne

Answer 41

Fermentation of the sugars in grapes

Question 42

Vodka

Answer 42

Fermentation from potatoes or grain

Question 43

Sake

Answer 43

Fermentation from rice

Question 44

Whiskeys

Answer 44

Fermentation of corn or rye

Question 45

Glycogenesis

Answer 45

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules Occurs when the digestion of polysaccharides produces high levels of glucose

Question 46

Glycogenolysis

Answer 46

Breaks down to glucose in a process Happens when blood glucose is depleted

Question 47

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 47

Glucose is synthesized from carbon atoms obtained from noncarbohydrate compounds

Question 48

Citric acid cycle

Answer 48

Series of reactions that uses the two carbon acetyl group in acetyl coA to produce CO2, NADH + H+, and FADH2

Question 49

Electron transport

Answer 49

Hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one electron acceptor to the next until they combine with oxygen to form H2O

Question 50

Electron carriers

Answer 50

The electron acceptors in electron transport

Question 51

4 types of electron carriers make up electron transport system

Answer 51

1. ) FMN ( flavin mono nucleotide) 2. ) Fe-S (iron-sulfur) clusters 3. ) Coenzyme Q (Q or CoQ) 4. ) Cytochromes (Cyt)

Question 52

Chemiosmotic model

Answer 52

Links energy from electron transport to a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP

Question 53

Proton pump

Answer 53

Pushes protons out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space

Question 54

ATP synthase

Answer 54

Energy generated from the proton gradient is used to drive ATP synthase