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Chemistry > Chapter 22- Metabolic Pathways For Carbohydrates and chapter 23-metabolism and energy production > Flashcards

Chapter 22- Metabolic Pathways For Carbohydrates and chapter 23-metabolism and energy production Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that provide energy and the substances required for continues cell growth

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2
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones with the accompanying release of energy

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3
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Utilize energy available in the cell to build large molecules from simple ones

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4
Q

Three stages of catabolic reactions

A

Stage 1- digestion; breaks down the large macromolecules into small monomer units
Stage 2- carbohydrates are broken down further and create pyruvate
Stage 3- carbons enter citric acid cycle and produce further CO2 and reduced coenzymes

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells in plants and animals

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells in single called organisms such as bacteria

No nucleus

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7
Q

Cell membrane

A

Lipid bilayer that separates the materials inside the cell from the aqueous environment outside the cell

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains gene that control DNA replication and protein synthesis in the cell

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Consists of all the materials between the nucleus and the membrane

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10
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid part of the cytoplasm

Catalyze many of the cells chemical reactions

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11
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Two forms-
Rough- proteins are processed for secretion and phospholipids are synthesized
Smooth- fats and steroids are synthesized

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12
Q

Colgi complex

A

Modifies proteins it receives from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretes modifies proteins into fluid surrounding the cell, and forms glycoproteins and cell membranes

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13
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes that break down recyclable cellular structures that are no longer needed by the cell

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy-producing factories of the cells

Outer membrane and inner membrane

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15
Q

Matrix

A

Fluid section surrounded by the inner membrane

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16
Q

ATP molecule

A

Base adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphoryl groups

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17
Q

Energy per mole of ATP

A

7.3 kcals

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18
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP undergoes hydrolysis to give energy, adenosine diphosphate (adp) and HPO4(2-)

ATP–> ADP+Pi+ 7.3 kcal/mole

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19
Q

ATP molecules hydrolyzed per second

A

1-2 million

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20
Q

What drives reactions?

A

ATP

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21
Q

Coupling of reactions

A

Many reactions do not occur naturally but can be made by coupling them with a reaction that releases energy
These reactions are also used to transmit impulses, transport substances across membranes and to contract muscles

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22
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of hydrogen ions and electrons

23
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of hydrogen ions and electrons or a decrease in oxygen

24
Q

NAD+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Important coenzyme I which the vitamin niacin provides the nicotinamide group, which is bonded to ADP

25
Q

FAD

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Coenzyme that contains ADP and riboflavin

26
Q

Riboflavin

A

Consists of ribitol(sugar alcohol) and flavin

27
Q

Coenzyme A

A

Aminoethanethiol attached to panthenic acid, bonded to ADP

main function- prepare small acyl groups for reactions with enzymes

28
Q

Digestion

A

A process that converts large molecules to smaller ones that can be absorbed by the body

29
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme produced in the salivary glands

Hydrolyzes some glycosidic bonds to create maltose, glucose, and dextrins

30
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

25% of US

Enzyme needed to digest lactose is missing

Symptoms: nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea

31
Q

Anaerobic process

A

No oxygen is required

32
Q

Glycosis

A

Yields two molecules of 3carbon pyruvate

Yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH

33
Q

Reaction 1 of glycosis

A

Hexokinase

34
Q

Reaction 3 of glycosis

A

Phosphofructokinase

35
Q

Reaction 10 of glycosis

A

Pyruvate kinase

36
Q

Aerobic

A

Uses oxygen

Yields more energy that anaerobic

37
Q

Bacteria

A

Can also be used to convert pyruvate to lactate under anaerobic conditions

38
Q

Fermentation

A

Converts sugars to ethanol under anaerobic conditions

Produces solutions up to 15% alcohol by volume, this is when the alcohol kills the yeast and fermentation stops

39
Q

Decarboxylation

A

Carbon atom removed in the form of CO2

40
Q

Beer

A

Fermentation of barley malt

41
Q

Wine and champagne

A

Fermentation of the sugars in grapes

42
Q

Vodka

A

Fermentation from potatoes or grain

43
Q

Sake

A

Fermentation from rice

44
Q

Whiskeys

A

Fermentation of corn or rye

45
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules

Occurs when the digestion of polysaccharides produces high levels of glucose

46
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breaks down to glucose in a process

Happens when blood glucose is depleted

47
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose is synthesized from carbon atoms obtained from noncarbohydrate compounds

48
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Series of reactions that uses the two carbon acetyl group in acetyl coA to produce CO2, NADH + H+, and FADH2

49
Q

Electron transport

A

Hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one electron acceptor to the next until they combine with oxygen to form H2O

50
Q

Electron carriers

A

The electron acceptors in electron transport

51
Q

4 types of electron carriers make up electron transport system

A
  1. ) FMN ( flavin mono nucleotide)
  2. ) Fe-S (iron-sulfur) clusters
  3. ) Coenzyme Q (Q or CoQ)
  4. ) Cytochromes (Cyt)
52
Q

Chemiosmotic model

A

Links energy from electron transport to a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP

53
Q

Proton pump

A

Pushes protons out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space

54
Q

ATP synthase

A

Energy generated from the proton gradient is used to drive ATP synthase

Chemistry (13 decks)

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