Chapter 14- Aldehydes, Ketones, And Chiral Molecules

Question 1

Acetal

Answer 1

The product of the addition of two alcohols to an aldehyde or ketones

Question 2

Achiral

Answer 2

Molecules with mirror images that are superimposable

Question 3

Aldehyde

Answer 3

An organic compound with the carbonyl functional group and at least one hydrogen attached to the carbon in the carbonyl grou

Question 4

Benedict’s test

Answer 4

A test for aldehydes with adjacent hydroxyl groups in which Cu2+ ions in Benedict’s reagent are reduced to a brick-red solid of Cu2O

Question 5

Chiral

Answer 5

Objects or molecules that have nonsuperimposable mirror images

Question 6

Chiral carbon

Answer 6

A carbon atom that is bonded to four different atoms or groups

Question 7

Enantiomers

Answer 7

Stereoisomers that are mirror images that cannot me superimposed

Question 8

Fischer projections

Answer 8

A system for drawing stereoisomers; carbon atoms are shown at intersections of horizontal lines for bonds projecting forward and vertical lines for bonds projecting backward. The most highly oxidized carbon is at the top

Question 9

Hemiacetal

Answer 9

The product of the addition of one alcohol to the double bond of the carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones

Question 10

Ketone

Answer 10

An organic compound in which the carbonyl group is bonded to two alkyl or aromatic groups

Question 11

Reduction

Answer 11

A decrease in the number of carbon - oxygen bonds by the addition of hydrogen to a carbonyl bond. Aldehydes are reduces to primary alcohols; ketones to secondary alcohols

Question 12

Stereoisomers

Answer 12

Isomers that have atoms bonded in the same order but with different arrangements in space

Question 13

Tollen’s test

Answer 13

A test for aldehydes in which Ag+ in Tollen’ss reagent is reduced to metallic silver, which forms a “silver mirror” on the walls of the container

Question 14

Naming aldehydes

Answer 14

1- name the longest carbon chain by replacing e with al

2- name and number substituents by counting from the carbonyl group

Question 15

Naming ketones

Answer 15

1- name the longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group by replacing the e in the corresponding alkane name with one
2- number the main chain starting from the end nearer the carbonyl group
3- name and number any substituents on the carbon chain
4- for cyclic ketones, the prefix cyclo is used in front of the ketone name

Question 16

Boiling points

Answer 16

Higher than alkanes and ethers of similar mass

Lower boiling points than alcohols

Question 17

Solubility of aldehydes and ketones

Answer 17

1-4 carbons? Very soluble.

5 or more? Not very soluble

Question 18

Vanilla

Answer 18

Aldehyde. Used in flavorings

Question 19

Important aldehydes and ketones

Answer 19

Formaldehyde- used as a preservative
Acetone- mail polish remover
Butanedione- butter flavoring
Benzaldehyde- almond
Cinnammaldehyde
Vanillin
Muscone- musk
Carvone- spearmint oil