Chapter 11- Introduction To Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Alcohol
Class of organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to a carbon atom
Aldehyde
Class of organic compound that contains a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms
Alkene
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C)
Alkyl group
An Alkene minus one hydrocarbon atom. Alkyl groups are names like the alkanes except a -yl ending replaces -ane
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds
Amide
Class of organic compounds in which the hydroxyl group of a carboxylate acid is replaced by a nitrogen group
Amine
Class of organic compounds that contains a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more carbon atoms
Aromatic
A compound that contains benzene. Benzene has a six-carbon ring with only one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon
Branch
A carbon group bonded to the main carbon chain
Branched alkane
Single-bonded hydrocarbon containing a substituent bonded to the main chain
Carbonyl group
Functional group that contains a double bond between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom
Carboxylate acid
Class of organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group
Combustion
Chemical reaction in which an alkane reacts with oxygen to produce CO2, H2O, and energy.
Condensed structural formula
Structural formula that shows the arrangement of the carbon atoms in a molecule but groups each carbon atom with its bonded hydrogen atoms.
Cycloalkane
An alkane that is a ring or Euclid structure
Ester
Class of organic compounds that contains a -COO group with an oxygen atom bonded to carbon.
Ether
Class of organic compounds that contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms -o-
Expanded structural formula
A type of structural formula that shows the arrangement of the atoms by showing each bond in the hydrocarbon as C-H, C-C, C=C, C3C
Functional group
Group of atoms that determine the physical and chemical properties and naming of a class of organic compounds
Haloalkane
Type of alkane that contains one or more halogen atoms
Hydrocarbon
Organic compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Isomers
Organic compounds in which identical molecular formulas have different arrangement of atoms
IUPAC system
The system for naming organic compounds devised by the international union of pure and applied chemistry
Ketone
Class of organic compounds in which a carbonyl is bonded to two carbon atoms
Line-bond formula
Type of structural formula that shows only the bonds from carbon to carbon
Substituent
Groups of atoms such as an alkyl group or a halogen bonded to the main chain or ring of carbon atoms
Thiol
Class of organic molecules that contains the -SH functional group bonded to a carbon atim
Combustion
Alkane + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + energy
Properties of alkanes
Solubility, density, melting and boiling points, combustion
Solubility and density of alkanes
Nonpolar- insoluble in water
Soluble in Nonpolar solvents- other alkanes
Density- .6g/mL to .8 g/mL
Melting points of alkanes
Lowest melting points and boiling points of all organic compounds
The longer the carbon chain, the higher the melting point
Melting point of branched alkanes
Generally lower than straight chain by they are more compact
Melting point of cycloalkanes
Higher than alkanes be they maintain a rigid structure
Uses of haloalkanes
Solvents and anesthetics
CFCs and ozone depletion
Chlorofluorocarbons-used as propellants for hair sprays and paints
Freon
Today they are being phased out and replaced with hcfc’s or HFCs
Odor of ethyl alcohol
Found in alcoholic beverages
Where does the odor from acetone, vanilla, cinnamon, and spearmint come from.?
Ketones and aldehydes
Where does the sour tastes from vinegar and fruit juices come from?
Carboxylic acids
Where does the fishy odor from fish come from?
Amines
Alkaloids
Caffeine, nicotine, histamine, and decongestants
