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Chemistry > Chapter 21-Nucleic Acids An Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 21-Nucleic Acids An Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA)

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

Unbranched polymers of repeating monomer units

Ex: DNA and RNA

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3
Q

How many nucleotides does a DNA molecule contain?

A

Several million

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4
Q

Three components of a nucleotide.

A

Base, five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate.

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5
Q

Phosphoryl group

A

When -PO3(2-) is part of a larger molecule

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6
Q

Base- in Nucleic acids

A

Derivatives of pyramidine or purine

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7
Q

Purine bases with double rings (DNA)

A

Adenine (A) and guinine (G)

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8
Q

Pyrimidine bases with with single rings (DNA)

A

Cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

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9
Q

RNA bases

A

Adenine(A), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) but thymine is replaced with uracil (U)

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10
Q

Five-carbon sugar (RNA)

A

Ribose (r-in RNA)

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11
Q

Atoms in pentose sugars

A

Numbered with primes (1’, 2’,3’,4’, and 5’)

-used to differentiate them from atoms in the bases

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12
Q

Five-carbon sugar (DNA)

A

Deoxyribose (d in DNA)

  • similar to ribose except there is no hydroxyl group on c2’
  • deoxy means “without oxygen”
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13
Q

How is a nucleoside produced?

A

When a pyrimidine or a purine forms a glycosidic bond to C1’ of a sugar (either a ribose or a deoxyribose)

Example: adenine, a purine, and ribose form a nucleoside called adenosine

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14
Q

How is a nucleotide produced?

A

When the C5’ -OH group of ribose or deoxyribose in a nucleoside forms a phosphate ester.

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15
Q

5’ monophosphate nucleotides

A

Found in DNA and RNA.

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16
Q

Naming nucleosides

A

Nucleoside that contains a purine- ends with -osine

Nucleoside that contains a pyrimidine- ends with -idine

Corresponding nucleotides in RNA and DNA are named by adding 5’-monophosphate.

Examples: adenosine-5’-monophosphate (amp)

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17
Q

ATP

A

Energy molecule in our bodies

Major source of energy for most energy-requiring activities in the cell

GMP+phosphate=GDP and GTP (energy source for protein synthesis)
dGMP+phosphate=dGDP and dGTP (intermediate in phospholipid synthesis)

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18
Q

Diphosphates

A

Phosphoryl group in any nucleoside can bond to one additional phosphate group (ADP) adenosine-5’-diphosphate

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19
Q

Triphosphate

A

Phosphoryl group in nucleoside-5’-monophosphate bonds to two additional phosphate groups to form a triphosphate. (adenosine-5’-triphosphate) ATP

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20
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of many nucleotides in which the 3’-hydroxyl group of the sugar in one nucleotide bonds to the 5’-carbon atom in the sugar of the next nucleotide.

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21
Q

Phosphidiester bond

A

The link between the sugars in adjacent nucleotides

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22
Q

Primary structure

A

Each Nucleic acid has its own unique sequence of bases.

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23
Q

Nucleic acid sequence

A

Read from sugar with free 5’-phosphate to the sugar with free 3’-hydroxyl group.

Example: nucleotide sequence starting with adenine (free 5’-phosphate end) in the section of RNA 5’-A-C-G-U-3

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24
Q

Specific relationship between bases

A

The amount of adenine (A) is equal to the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) is equal to the amount of (C) cytosine.

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25
Q

Chargoff’s rules

A

Number of purine molecules=number of pyrimidine molecules
A=T
G=C

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26
Q

Double helix

A

Consists of two polynucleotide strands winding about each other like a spiral staircase

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27
Q

complimentary base pairs

A

A-T- form one hydrogen bond
G-C- form three hydrogen bonds

each of bases along a polynucleotide strand forms hydrogen bonds to a specific base on the opposite DNA strand

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28
Q

replication

A

strands in the parent DNA molecule separate, which allows the synthesis of complimentary strands of DNA.

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29
Q

Replication process

A

Stars when an enzyme called helicase catalyzes the unwinding of a portion of the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary bases.

These strands are now templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands of DNA.

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30
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides.

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31
Q

Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate

A

Releases energy for the new bonds

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32
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

Produces two new DNA’s called daughter DNA’s that are identical to each other and exact copies of the original parent DNA

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33
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinding of DNA that occurs simultaneously in several sections along the parent DNA molecule

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34
Q

Replication forks

A

DNA polymerase catalyzes the replication process at each of these open DNA sections

Catalyzes only phosphodiester bonds and must move in opposite directions alongside the separate strands on DNA.

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35
Q

Leading strand

A

The new DNA strand that grows in the 5’-3’ direction is synthesized continuously

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36
Q

Lagging strand

A

Synthesized in the opposite direction, which is in the reverse 3’-5’ direction

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37
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Parts of lagging strand that are synthesized at the same time by several DNA polymerases and connected to form continuous strand by DNA ligases to give a sing 3’-5’ DNA strand.

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38
Q

What makes up most of the Nucleic acid found in the cell?

A

RNA

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39
Q

RNA

A

Involved in transmitting the genetic information needed to operate the cell

Unbranched polymers of nucleotides

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40
Q

Differences in RNA from DNA

A
  • the sugar in RNA is ribose rather than deoxyribose found in DNA
  • in RNA, the base uracil replaces thymine
  • RNA molecules are single-stranded Nucleic acids
  • RNA molecules are much smaller than DNA molecules
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41
Q

Three major types of RNA in the cells

A

Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA

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42
Q

Most abundant type of RNA?

A

Ribosomal RNA- 80% of RNA

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43
Q

How is ribosomal RNA combined?

A

With proteins in the ribosomes.

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44
Q

Ribosomes

A

The sites within the cells where protein synthesis occurs

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45
Q

How many sub units do ribosomes have?

A

2

A large subunit and a small subunit

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46
Q

Purpose of messenger RNA

A

carries information for protein synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes

5% of RNA

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47
Q

Purpose is transfer DNA

A

Brings amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

15% of RNA

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48
Q

Structure of tRNA

A

70-90 nucleotides

Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases produce loops that give SOME double stranded regions

49
Q

Acceptor stem

A

3’ end with nucleotide sequence ACC

50
Q

Anticodon

A

Series of three bases that complements three bases of an mRNA

51
Q

Transcription

A

The genetic information for the synthesis of a protein is copied from a gene in DNA to make a messenger RNA

52
Q

Translation

A

tRNA molecules convert the mRNA information into amino acids

53
Q

Protein synthesis

A

DNA (transcription) mRNA (translation) protein

————–> ————->

54
Q

Transcription: synthesis of mRNA

A

Transcription begins with section of DNA Molecule that contains the gene to unwind- mRNA forms bases that are complementary to DNA template. C &. G form pairS. T (in DNA) pairs with A (in mRNA), and A (in DNA) pairs with U ( in mRNA)

55
Q

Exons

A

Code for proteins

56
Q

Introns

A

Do not code for proteins

57
Q

Pre-mRNA

A

Copy of entire DNA template ( including non coding introns)

58
Q

Before Pre-mRNA leaves the nucleus

A

Introns must be removed

59
Q

When does synthesis of mRNA occur?

A

When cells require a particular protein

NOT RANDOMLY

60
Q

Where does the regulation of synthesis take place?

A

At the transcription level, where the absence or presence of end products determine which mRNA’s are needed for specific proteins

61
Q

Enzyme induction

A

Occurs where high levels of a substrate turn on the transcription of the genes that produce the mRNA’s that code for specific enzymes

62
Q

Operons

A

Sections of DNA that regulate the synthesis of related proteins

63
Q

Control site

A

Each Operon has their own

64
Q

Structural genes

A

Produce mRNA’s for specific proteins

65
Q

Regulatory gene

A

In front of lactose operon that produces an mRNA for the synthesis of a repressor protein that blocks the synthesis of B-galactosidase by RNA polymerase

66
Q

Genetic code

A

Three nucleotides (triplet) in mRNA called codon

67
Q

Codon

A

Each one specifies an amino acids and it’s sequence in a protein

68
Q

How many codons are possible?

A

64

69
Q

Stop signals that code for the termination of protein synthesis

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

70
Q

Anticodon

A

Loop which is a triplet of bases that complements a codon in an mRNA

71
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

Enzyme that attached to the acceptor stem of each tRNA

72
Q

When does activation take place?

A

When tRNA synthetase uses the anticodon of tRNA to form an ester bond between the carboxylate group of its amino acid and the hydroxyl group of the acceptor stem

73
Q

What corrects incorrect combination?

A

Hydrolysis

74
Q

Start codon

A

First codon in an mRNA

AUG

75
Q

Chain elongation

A

Another tRNA carries a second amino acid to the adjacent codon of the mRNA

76
Q

Translocation

A

First tRNA detaches from the ribosome

Ribosome shifts to the next codon of the mRNA

77
Q

Polysome

A

Several ribosomes translate a single strand of mRNA simultaneously to produce several copies of the peptide chain at the same time

78
Q

Release factors

A

Release the completes polypeptide chain from a ribosome

79
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

80
Q

What causes mutation?

A

X-rays, overexposure to sun, chemicals called mutagens, and possibly some viruses

81
Q

Somatic cell

A

Cell other than a reproductive cell

82
Q

What can an uncontrolled growth cause?

A

Cancer

83
Q

What if mutation occurs in a germ cell ( egg or sperm cell?)

A

DNA produces will have same genetic change

84
Q

What happens when a mutation severely alters the function of a structural protein or enzyme?

A

The new cell may not survive or the person may exhibit a disease or condition that is a result of a genetic defect

85
Q

Substitution mutation

A

The replacement of one base in the coding strand of DNA with another

86
Q

Most common way in which mutations occur?

A

Substitution

87
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

A base is added to or deleted from the normal order of bases in the coding strand of DNA

88
Q

Genetic disease

A

When a protein deficiency is hereditary

89
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Cutting and recombining of DNA fragments

90
Q

What is recombinant DNA used for?

A

To produce human insulin for diabetics
Antiviral substance interferon
Blood clotting factor VIII
Human growth hormone

91
Q

What is most of the work in recombinant DNA done with?

A

Escherichia coli (e. coli)

92
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circular molecules where bacterial cells exist

Easy to isolate and capable of replicatoon

93
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

Breaks phosphodiester bonds in DNA between specific nucleotides

Used to cut open the circular DNA strands in plasmids

94
Q

Human insulin

A

Treat diabetes

95
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Treat anemia; stimulate production of erythrocytes

96
Q

Human growth hormone (HGH)

A

Stimulate growth

97
Q

Interferon

A

Treat cancer and viral disease

98
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

Destroy tumor cells

99
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Transport drugs needed to treat cancer and transplant rejection

100
Q

Epidermal growth factor ( EGF)

A

Stimulate helping of wounds and burns

101
Q

Human blood clotting factor VIII

A

Treat hemophilia; allows blood to clot normally

102
Q

Interleukins

A

Stimulate immune system

103
Q

Prourokinase

A

Destroy blood clots; treat myocardial infractions

104
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into smaller fragments called RFLP’s

105
Q

RFLP

A

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms

106
Q

Odds of two people who are not identical twins producing the same DNA fingerprint

A

One in a billion

107
Q

Applications of DNA fingerprinting

A

Connecting suspects to a crime, determining biological parentage,establishing identity of a deceased person, matching recipients with organ donors

108
Q

What is DNA used for.

A

Screening for genes responsible for sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, breast cancer, colon cancer, huntington’s disease, Lou gehrigs disease

109
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Made it possible to produce multiple copies of (amplify) the DNA in a short time

Cloning

110
Q

Viruses

A

Small particles of 3 to 200 genes that cannot replicate without a host cell

111
Q

What do viruses contain?

A

DNA or RNA. But not both. DNA or RNA are inside a Protein coat

112
Q

He does a viral infection begin?

A

When an enzyme in the protein coat of the virus makes a hole on the host cell, allowing the viral Nucleic acid to enter and mix with the materials in the host cell

113
Q

Protease

A

Produces a protein coat to form a viral particle that leaves the cell

114
Q

Vaccines

A

Inactive forms of viruses that boost the immune response by causing the body to produce antibodies to the virus

115
Q

What childhood viruses can be prevented by using vaccines?

A

Polio, mumps, chicken pox, and measles

116
Q

Retrovirus

A

Virus that contains RNA as its genetic material

117
Q

What must a retrovirus first do inside the cell?

A

Reverse trancription

118
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Uses the viral RNA template to synthesize complementary strands of DNA using the nucleotides present on the host cell

119
Q

Provirus

A

Newly formed DNA that integrates with the DNA inside the host cell

Chemistry (13 decks)

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