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Chapter 21-Nucleic Acids An Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA)

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

Unbranched polymers of repeating monomer units

Ex: DNA and RNA

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3
Q

How many nucleotides does a DNA molecule contain?

A

Several million

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4
Q

Three components of a nucleotide.

A

Base, five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate.

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5
Q

Phosphoryl group

A

When -PO3(2-) is part of a larger molecule

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6
Q

Base- in Nucleic acids

A

Derivatives of pyramidine or purine

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7
Q

Purine bases with double rings (DNA)

A

Adenine (A) and guinine (G)

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8
Q

Pyrimidine bases with with single rings (DNA)

A

Cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

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9
Q

RNA bases

A

Adenine(A), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) but thymine is replaced with uracil (U)

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10
Q

Five-carbon sugar (RNA)

A

Ribose (r-in RNA)

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11
Q

Atoms in pentose sugars

A

Numbered with primes (1’, 2’,3’,4’, and 5’)

-used to differentiate them from atoms in the bases

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12
Q

Five-carbon sugar (DNA)

A

Deoxyribose (d in DNA)

  • similar to ribose except there is no hydroxyl group on c2’
  • deoxy means “without oxygen”
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13
Q

How is a nucleoside produced?

A

When a pyrimidine or a purine forms a glycosidic bond to C1’ of a sugar (either a ribose or a deoxyribose)

Example: adenine, a purine, and ribose form a nucleoside called adenosine

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14
Q

How is a nucleotide produced?

A

When the C5’ -OH group of ribose or deoxyribose in a nucleoside forms a phosphate ester.

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15
Q

5’ monophosphate nucleotides

A

Found in DNA and RNA.

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16
Q

Naming nucleosides

A

Nucleoside that contains a purine- ends with -osine

Nucleoside that contains a pyrimidine- ends with -idine

Corresponding nucleotides in RNA and DNA are named by adding 5’-monophosphate.

Examples: adenosine-5’-monophosphate (amp)

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17
Q

ATP

A

Energy molecule in our bodies

Major source of energy for most energy-requiring activities in the cell

GMP+phosphate=GDP and GTP (energy source for protein synthesis)
dGMP+phosphate=dGDP and dGTP (intermediate in phospholipid synthesis)

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18
Q

Diphosphates

A

Phosphoryl group in any nucleoside can bond to one additional phosphate group (ADP) adenosine-5’-diphosphate

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19
Q

Triphosphate

A

Phosphoryl group in nucleoside-5’-monophosphate bonds to two additional phosphate groups to form a triphosphate. (adenosine-5’-triphosphate) ATP

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20
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of many nucleotides in which the 3’-hydroxyl group of the sugar in one nucleotide bonds to the 5’-carbon atom in the sugar of the next nucleotide.

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21
Q

Phosphidiester bond

A

The link between the sugars in adjacent nucleotides

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22
Q

Primary structure

A

Each Nucleic acid has its own unique sequence of bases.

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23
Q

Nucleic acid sequence

A

Read from sugar with free 5’-phosphate to the sugar with free 3’-hydroxyl group.

Example: nucleotide sequence starting with adenine (free 5’-phosphate end) in the section of RNA 5’-A-C-G-U-3

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24
Q

Specific relationship between bases

A

The amount of adenine (A) is equal to the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) is equal to the amount of (C) cytosine.

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25
Chargoff's rules
Number of purine molecules=number of pyrimidine molecules A=T G=C
26
Double helix
Consists of two polynucleotide strands winding about each other like a spiral staircase
27
complimentary base pairs
A-T- form one hydrogen bond G-C- form three hydrogen bonds each of bases along a polynucleotide strand forms hydrogen bonds to a specific base on the opposite DNA strand
28
replication
strands in the parent DNA molecule separate, which allows the synthesis of complimentary strands of DNA.
29
Replication process
Stars when an enzyme called helicase catalyzes the unwinding of a portion of the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary bases. These strands are now templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands of DNA.
30
DNA Polymerase
Catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides.
31
Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate
Releases energy for the new bonds
32
Semi-conservative replication
Produces two new DNA's called daughter DNA's that are identical to each other and exact copies of the original parent DNA
33
Helicase
Unwinding of DNA that occurs simultaneously in several sections along the parent DNA molecule
34
Replication forks
DNA polymerase catalyzes the replication process at each of these open DNA sections Catalyzes only phosphodiester bonds and must move in opposite directions alongside the separate strands on DNA.
35
Leading strand
The new DNA strand that grows in the 5'-3' direction is synthesized continuously
36
Lagging strand
Synthesized in the opposite direction, which is in the reverse 3'-5' direction
37
Okazaki fragments
Parts of lagging strand that are synthesized at the same time by several DNA polymerases and connected to form continuous strand by DNA ligases to give a sing 3'-5' DNA strand.
38
What makes up most of the Nucleic acid found in the cell?
RNA
39
RNA
Involved in transmitting the genetic information needed to operate the cell Unbranched polymers of nucleotides
40
Differences in RNA from DNA
- the sugar in RNA is ribose rather than deoxyribose found in DNA - in RNA, the base uracil replaces thymine - RNA molecules are single-stranded Nucleic acids - RNA molecules are much smaller than DNA molecules
41
Three major types of RNA in the cells
Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA
42
Most abundant type of RNA?
Ribosomal RNA- 80% of RNA
43
How is ribosomal RNA combined?
With proteins in the ribosomes.
44
Ribosomes
The sites within the cells where protein synthesis occurs
45
How many sub units do ribosomes have?
2 A large subunit and a small subunit
46
Purpose of messenger RNA
carries information for protein synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes 5% of RNA
47
Purpose is transfer DNA
Brings amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis 15% of RNA
48
Structure of tRNA
70-90 nucleotides Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases produce loops that give SOME double stranded regions
49
Acceptor stem
3' end with nucleotide sequence ACC
50
Anticodon
Series of three bases that complements three bases of an mRNA
51
Transcription
The genetic information for the synthesis of a protein is copied from a gene in DNA to make a messenger RNA
52
Translation
tRNA molecules convert the mRNA information into amino acids
53
Protein synthesis
DNA (transcription) mRNA (translation) protein | --------------> ------------->
54
Transcription: synthesis of mRNA
Transcription begins with section of DNA Molecule that contains the gene to unwind- mRNA forms bases that are complementary to DNA template. C &. G form pairS. T (in DNA) pairs with A (in mRNA), and A (in DNA) pairs with U ( in mRNA)
55
Exons
Code for proteins
56
Introns
Do not code for proteins
57
Pre-mRNA
Copy of entire DNA template ( including non coding introns)
58
Before Pre-mRNA leaves the nucleus
Introns must be removed
59
When does synthesis of mRNA occur?
When cells require a particular protein NOT RANDOMLY
60
Where does the regulation of synthesis take place?
At the transcription level, where the absence or presence of end products determine which mRNA's are needed for specific proteins
61
Enzyme induction
Occurs where high levels of a substrate turn on the transcription of the genes that produce the mRNA's that code for specific enzymes
62
Operons
Sections of DNA that regulate the synthesis of related proteins
63
Control site
Each Operon has their own
64
Structural genes
Produce mRNA's for specific proteins
65
Regulatory gene
In front of lactose operon that produces an mRNA for the synthesis of a repressor protein that blocks the synthesis of B-galactosidase by RNA polymerase
66
Genetic code
Three nucleotides (triplet) in mRNA called codon
67
Codon
Each one specifies an amino acids and it's sequence in a protein
68
How many codons are possible?
64
69
Stop signals that code for the termination of protein synthesis
UGA, UAA, UAG
70
Anticodon
Loop which is a triplet of bases that complements a codon in an mRNA
71
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Enzyme that attached to the acceptor stem of each tRNA
72
When does activation take place?
When tRNA synthetase uses the anticodon of tRNA to form an ester bond between the carboxylate group of its amino acid and the hydroxyl group of the acceptor stem
73
What corrects incorrect combination?
Hydrolysis
74
Start codon
First codon in an mRNA AUG
75
Chain elongation
Another tRNA carries a second amino acid to the adjacent codon of the mRNA
76
Translocation
First tRNA detaches from the ribosome | Ribosome shifts to the next codon of the mRNA
77
Polysome
Several ribosomes translate a single strand of mRNA simultaneously to produce several copies of the peptide chain at the same time
78
Release factors
Release the completes polypeptide chain from a ribosome
79
Mutation
Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
80
What causes mutation?
X-rays, overexposure to sun, chemicals called mutagens, and possibly some viruses
81
Somatic cell
Cell other than a reproductive cell
82
What can an uncontrolled growth cause?
Cancer
83
What if mutation occurs in a germ cell ( egg or sperm cell?)
DNA produces will have same genetic change
84
What happens when a mutation severely alters the function of a structural protein or enzyme?
The new cell may not survive or the person may exhibit a disease or condition that is a result of a genetic defect
85
Substitution mutation
The replacement of one base in the coding strand of DNA with another
86
Most common way in which mutations occur?
Substitution
87
Frameshift mutation
A base is added to or deleted from the normal order of bases in the coding strand of DNA
88
Genetic disease
When a protein deficiency is hereditary
89
Recombinant DNA
Cutting and recombining of DNA fragments
90
What is recombinant DNA used for?
To produce human insulin for diabetics Antiviral substance interferon Blood clotting factor VIII Human growth hormone
91
What is most of the work in recombinant DNA done with?
Escherichia coli (e. coli)
92
Plasmids
Small circular molecules where bacterial cells exist Easy to isolate and capable of replicatoon
93
Restriction enzyme
Breaks phosphodiester bonds in DNA between specific nucleotides Used to cut open the circular DNA strands in plasmids
94
Human insulin
Treat diabetes
95
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Treat anemia; stimulate production of erythrocytes
96
Human growth hormone (HGH)
Stimulate growth
97
Interferon
Treat cancer and viral disease
98
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Destroy tumor cells
99
Monoclonal antibodies
Transport drugs needed to treat cancer and transplant rejection
100
Epidermal growth factor ( EGF)
Stimulate helping of wounds and burns
101
Human blood clotting factor VIII
Treat hemophilia; allows blood to clot normally
102
Interleukins
Stimulate immune system
103
Prourokinase
Destroy blood clots; treat myocardial infractions
104
DNA fingerprinting
Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into smaller fragments called RFLP's
105
RFLP
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
106
Odds of two people who are not identical twins producing the same DNA fingerprint
One in a billion
107
Applications of DNA fingerprinting
Connecting suspects to a crime, determining biological parentage,establishing identity of a deceased person, matching recipients with organ donors
108
What is DNA used for.
Screening for genes responsible for sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, breast cancer, colon cancer, huntington's disease, Lou gehrigs disease
109
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Made it possible to produce multiple copies of (amplify) the DNA in a short time Cloning
110
Viruses
Small particles of 3 to 200 genes that cannot replicate without a host cell
111
What do viruses contain?
DNA or RNA. But not both. DNA or RNA are inside a Protein coat
112
He does a viral infection begin?
When an enzyme in the protein coat of the virus makes a hole on the host cell, allowing the viral Nucleic acid to enter and mix with the materials in the host cell
113
Protease
Produces a protein coat to form a viral particle that leaves the cell
114
Vaccines
Inactive forms of viruses that boost the immune response by causing the body to produce antibodies to the virus
115
What childhood viruses can be prevented by using vaccines?
Polio, mumps, chicken pox, and measles
116
Retrovirus
Virus that contains RNA as its genetic material
117
What must a retrovirus first do inside the cell?
Reverse trancription
118
Reverse transcriptase
Uses the viral RNA template to synthesize complementary strands of DNA using the nucleotides present on the host cell
119
Provirus
Newly formed DNA that integrates with the DNA inside the host cell

Chemistry (13 decks)

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