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PPL Course - (1) First Solo > Chapter 2.1 - Wings, Lift & Drag > Flashcards

Chapter 2.1 - Wings, Lift & Drag Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 Aerodynamic forces?

A
  • Lift.
  • Weight.
  • Thrust.
  • Drag.
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2
Q

How does a pilot achieve Straight Level Flight?

A
  • Thrust must balance Drag.

- Lift must balance Weight.

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3
Q

The Lift force acts through what part of an Aircraft?

A

Centre of Pressure (CP).

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4
Q

The Weight force acts through what part of an Aircraft?

A

Centre of Gravity (CG).

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5
Q

How is Relative Airflow defined?

A

The speed and direction of air movement past a wing.

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6
Q

What is an Aerofoil?

A

The curvature of a Wing on both Top and Bottom surfaces.

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7
Q

How do you define a Wing Span?

A

The distance from Wingtip to Wingtip of an Aircraft.

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8
Q

What is the forward part of a wing called?

A

The Leading Edge.

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9
Q

What is the back part of a wing called?

A

The Trailing Edge.

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10
Q

What is a Chord Line

A

The length between the leading and trailing edge of a Wing.

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11
Q

What is the Mean Camber Line?

A

An imaginary line equal distance between the upper and lower surfaces of a wing.

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12
Q

What is Camber?

A

Camber is the curvature of a Wing.

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13
Q

The greater Camber a Wing has, the more what can be produced?

A

Lift.

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14
Q

With a Camber fixed in place by the aircraft manufacture, what can be used to further increase the Camber of a wing?

A

Flaps.

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15
Q

What percentage of Camber do light training aircraft have?

A

2% to 4%.

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16
Q

As well as Camber what other wing characteristics is an important factor in Lift?

A

Wing Thickness.

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17
Q

What percentage of wing thickness do light training aircraft have?

A

10% - 15%.

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18
Q

What is Angle of Attack?

A

The angle between relative airflow and the chord line of a wing.

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19
Q

How can a pilot change the angle of attack?

A

By raising / lowering the nose of the aircraft.

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20
Q

True or False the Angle of Attack is measured between Chord Line and Horizon?

A

False.

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21
Q

What is CP?

A

Centre of Pressure. A point on the Chord Line of a wing through which both Lift and Drag force act upon.

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22
Q

The CP is at most forward when the Angle of Attack is at what degree?

A

16.

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23
Q

What is Static Pressure?

A

Pressure of the air at a point.

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24
Q

What’s the average value of Static Pressure at MSL?

A

1013 hPa (Hectopascals).

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25
Q

Static Pressure decreases when Altitude is what?

A

Increased.

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26
Q

What is Dynamic Pressure?

A

The extra pressure caused by movement of air.

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27
Q

What is Total Pressure?

A

The sum of Static and Dynamic Pressure.

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28
Q

What factor can affect Dynamic Pressure?

A

Air Density.

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29
Q

What changes have an effect on the density of the air?

A
  • Temperature.

- Static Pressure.

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30
Q

At what altitude will the density of the air be half at sea level value?

A

23,500 feet.

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31
Q

What does IAS stand for?

A

Indicated Airspeed (in knots).

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32
Q

What does CAS stand for?

A

Calibrated Airspeed.

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33
Q

What does TAS stand for?

A

True Airspeed. The real airspeed of the aircraft through air.

34
Q

What does GS stand for?

A

Groundspeed.

35
Q

CAS is the IAS corrected from what errors (2)?

A
  • Instrument Error.

- Position Error.

36
Q

At sea level TAS and IAS will be equal. However, as an Aircraft climbs, value will change, why is this?

A

Due to Air Density.

37
Q

TAS and GS are the same if which factor isn’t taken into account?

A

Wind.

38
Q

Name 3 direct control a pilot has when producing lift?

A
  • Airspeed.
  • Angle of Attack.
  • Shape of Wing (Flaps).
39
Q

Raising the nose and angle of attack does what to Lift?

A

Increases Lift force.

40
Q

Lowering the nose and angle of attack does what to Lift?

A

Decreases Lift force.

41
Q

The Angle of Attack for Maximum Lift is also known as what?

A

The Stalling Angle.

42
Q

Increasing Airspeed does what to the Lift force?

A

Increases Lift force.

43
Q

Decreasing Airspeed does what to the Lift force?

A

Decreases Lift force.

44
Q

There is a minimum Airspeed at which a Pilot cannot decrease without losing control of the Aircraft. What is this speed called?

A

Stall Speed.

45
Q

Raising the Flaps does what to Lift?

A

Decreases Lift force.

46
Q

Lowering the Flaps does what to Lift?

A

Increases Lift force.

47
Q

Raising the nose and angle of attack does what to the Drag force?

A

Increases Drag force.

48
Q

Lowering the nose and angle of attack does what to the Drag force?

A

Decreases Drag force.

49
Q

Increasing Airspeed does what to Drag?

A

Increases Drag force.

50
Q

Decreasing Airspeed does what to Drag?

A

Decreases Drag force.

51
Q

Raising the Flaps does what to Drag?

A

Decreases Drag force.

52
Q

Lowering the Flaps does what to Drag?

A

Increases Drag force.

53
Q

In Straight and Level Flight, if a pilot wants to increase Airspeed, what must happen to Angle of Attack?

A

The Angle of Attack must be decreased to maintain Straight and Level Flight.

54
Q

In Straight and Level Flight, if a pilot wants to decrease Airspeed, what must happen to Angle of Attack?

A

The Angle of Attack must be increased to maintain Straight and Level Flight.

55
Q

Name two types of Drag?

A
  • Induced Drag.

- Parasite Drag.

56
Q

Parasite Drag consists of what (3)?

A
  • Skin Friction.
  • Form (Fuselage).
  • Interference Drag.
57
Q

Induced Drag is produced from what component of the aircraft?

A

Wings.

58
Q

What are Wingtip Vortices?

A

Spirals of air trailing from each wingtip.

59
Q

True or False. Wingtip vortices are only produced if the wing is at an Angle of Attack with lift being produced?

A

True.

60
Q

Low airspeed which require high angles of attack produces what?

A

High Induced Drag.

61
Q

High airspeed which require low angles of attack produce what?

A

Low Induced Drag.

62
Q

What is Skin Friction?

A

The movement of air against the surface of an aircraft.

63
Q

What is Boundary Layer?

A

Air around the surface of an aircraft.

64
Q

Name 4 variables factors that impact Skin Friction?

A
  • Total Surface Area of an aircraft.
  • Degree of Roughness of the Skin.
  • Type of Aerofoil.
  • Indicated Airspeed.
65
Q

Which factor of Skin Friction can be controlled by the pilot?

A

Airspeed.

66
Q

What happens to Skin Friction Drag when the airspeed increases?

A

Increases.

67
Q

What is Form Drag?

A

The result of the Boundary Layer producing an invisible turbulent wake.

68
Q

Name 4 variables that impact the size of Form Drag?

A
  • Frontal area of Wings.
  • Frontal area of Fuselage.
  • Angle of Attack.
  • Degree of Streamlining.
69
Q

Turbulent Wake is Low when?

A
  • Angle of Attack is Low.

- Airspeed is High.

70
Q

Turbulent Wake is High when?

A
  • Angle of Attack is High.

- Airspeed is Low.

71
Q

What affect does Streamlining have on an Aircraft?

A

Reduces Form Drag.

72
Q

What is Interference Drag?

A

Drag produced by the mixing of airflow from various surface areas (such as Wings and Fuselage and/or the Fin and Tailplane).

73
Q

How can Interference Drag be reduced (2)?

A
  • Use of Fairings and Fillets (smoothing the joints between surfaces).
  • Streamlining.
74
Q

What is the Total Drag Curve Graph?

A

A graph showing the variation of Total Drag with Airspeed/Angle of Attack combinations.

75
Q

The optimum speed for the Wings to produce Lift that is most efficient is called what?

A

Speed for Minimum Drag.

76
Q

How can a Pilot minimise the Total Drag being produced (2/3)?

A
  • Keeping the Aircraft clean (less skin friction).
  • Keeping Flaps retracted.
  • Landing Gear retracted (if fitted).
77
Q

What Angle of Attack is best for L/D Ratio?

A

4 degrees.

78
Q

The Indicated Airspeed for Maximum L/D Ratio is also the best speed for (3)?

A
  • Speed for Minimum Drag.
  • Speed for Maximum Cruise Range.
  • Best Glide Speed.
79
Q

Fuel efficiency is achieved by having what?

A

Minimum Parasite Drag.

80
Q

Better Lift is achieved by having what?

A

Minimum Total Drag.

PPL Course - (1) First Solo (31 decks)

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