Chapter 20 Key Terms Flashcards
Acheh Sultanate
Def-Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641
Sig- Islam functioned as a political ideology that strengthened resistance to European incursions in places such as where Aheh ruled
Akbar I (1542-1605)
Def-Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus
Sig-established a central administration and granted nonhereditary land revenues to his military officers and government officials, gave efficient administration and peace to their prosperous northern heartland, introduced reforms that reduced taxation and legal discrimination against Hindus, made himself the center of a short-lived eclectic new religion (Divine Faith) and sponsored a court culture in which Hindu and Muslim elements were mixed
Batavia
Def- Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta
Sig- The Dutch drove the Portuguese out of the Malacca in 1641, conquered local kingdoms on Sumatra and Java, and established a colonial capital at Batavia
devshirme
Def- “Selection” in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries
Sig- ???
Hidden Imam
Def- Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali, whom Shi’ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time
Sig- Under the Safavids, Iranian culture=distinguished by the strength of Shi’ite beliefs, deeply emotional annual commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Husayn
Janissaries
Def-Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826
Sig- The original Ottoman military forces of mounted warriors armed with bows=late fourteenth century—> came about because the Ottomans captured Balkan Christian men, Ottomans began to recruit men for it, began to marry, go into business, and enrolled their sons in the Janissary corps, which grew in number but declined in military readiness
Help get around it because they would kidnap children and make them grow up and become military
Really powerful in ottan empire bc of role in political power
mansabs
Def- In India, grants of land given in return for
service by rulers of the Mughal Empire
Sig-
Mughal Empire
Def- Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Sig- becuse land grant system, the failure to completely integrate Aurangzeb’s newly conquered territory into the imperial administration, and the rise of regional powers and finallh in 1739 after Nadir Shah raided Delhi; the empire survived in name until 1857
Oman
Def- Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century
Sig- drove the Portuguese out of the Swahili Coast and created a maritime empire of their own
Rajputs
Def- Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess
Sig- Fifteen percent of Mughal officials holding land revenues were Hindus, most of them from northern Rajput warrior families
Safavid Empire
Def- Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi’ite state
Sig- Under the Safavids, Iranian culture=distinguished by the strength of Shi’ite beliefs–> the concept of the Hidden Imam and the deeply emotional annual commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Husayn, Isfahan was not a cosmopolitan city and the population of the Safavid Empire not diverse and plagued by the expense of firearms
Shah Abbas I
Def- The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (r. 1587-1629). Abbas moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598
Sig- establishing a slave corps of year-round professional soldiers armed with guns
Sikhism
Def- Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule
Sig- syncretism and blending of culture
Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1566)
Def- The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, “The Lawgiver.” He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean
Sig- conquered Belgrade, Rhodes and laid siege to Vienna
Swahili
Def- Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa
Sig-?????
