Chapter 18 Key Terms Flashcards
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Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages
significant because
- within the first century of the first settlement–> domesticated livestock and major crops of old world–>all across the americas
- new world’s agriculture had significantly enriched Europe, Africa and Asia
- old world diseases entered the america’s with European immigrants and african slaves–>destroyed the ingenious people populations–> the decline also had to do with the fact there was a sudden change in the type of people and plants/ animals flowing threw there
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Council of the Indies
The institution responsible for supervising Spain’s colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities.
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Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566)
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them. (See also encomienda.)
significant: the most influential defender for the Amerindians int he early colonial period because one reason was he outlawed the enslavement of the Amerindians and the limited other forms of forced labor
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encomienda
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians
significant: was a way to have forced labor but not be slavery–>slightly better conditions that slavery
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creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all non-native peoples
significant: shows that there was interaction between the whites and the natives–>where there in pleasant or not forms of interaction but it also because of these peoples it effected their placement throughout society
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mestizo
The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent
significant because there were few mixed marriages so the fathers just called their recognized offspring as so–>ended up occupying half of the middle class and ended up becoming the elite of many populations–> shows that there was becoming more of an acceptance of mixed peoples and natives in general. also they became the main artisans etc.
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mulatto
The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent
Significant because they occupieded an intermitted positions in the tropics–> these people were one of the first people that blended the American cultures together
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indentured servant
A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years
Significant because they they were a new system for forced labor to the American Landscape, were racially and religiously indistinguishable form free settlers–> ended up becoming 80% of the english immigrants, also helped people come over America in exchange fore 4-7 years of labor in return for passage and at the end would get small piece fo land, tools and clothes
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House of Burgesses
Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618
Significant because they initiated a form of democratic representation that disguised the English colonies from other European powers–> increased the slave population
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Pilgrims
Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands
significant because they wanted to break from the church-> ended up bringing 1620 settlers over but almost of them ended up dying and weren’t necessarily “successful” because in the end were absorbed by the purtians
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Puritans
English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629
significant because they wanted to purify the church and abolish its hierarchy of bishops and priests from the governmental inference–>they were discriminated so much in England ended up settling in the Americas–> ended up immigrating to Massachusetts and founded a more homogeneous and less hierarchical colony
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Iroquois Confederacy
An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (six after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, the Confederacy dominated the area from western New England to the Great Lakes
signficant because it was one of the first times that they took into the consideration of the peoples that already lived there–> making the alliance–> it also gave them an access to tot the rich fur trade of Canada
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New France
French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1760
significant because provided access to the Amerindian trade routes but also compelled French settlers to take sides on the regions warfare
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coureurs des bois (runners of the woods)
French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America
significant because began families with women and had mixed children who helped with direct fur trade–> became depended on goods they received from exchange–>led to depeneds on material cutlrue iwthing the NA world–> increased competition among native people for hunting grounds
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Tupac Amaru II
Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family
significant because he was involved in colonial trade and sought to redress the grievances of Amerindian communities that suffered from the mita and taxes–> the rebellion attracted many people into but ended up with the Spanish authority becoming firmly reestablished but many amounts of property was destroyed/lives
