Chapter 20 Flashcards
Much of westward movement was in fact towards the
Cities, such as San Fran
The flow of population was mainly toward the
Cities
The city dwellers in the NE were
Landless and homeless: could only offer labor
What allowed city building to expand vertically to accommodate surging population
Developments in heating, as fireplaces were no longer needed, Otis Elevator company, cast iron and steel frame construction
Cities expanded horizontally after what innovations in transportation?
Cable cars that clamped onto a moving underground cable driven by a central power source, steam powered trains, electric trolleys, subways
The spread of mass transit allowed the creation of
People becoming commuters, and suburbs
Many of the rich went out of the city went out of the city while the poor, stayed
In the city, allowing for congestion and crime
In times of rural depression people would often go to
The cities
Unregulated urban growth created problems with
Sanitation, health, and morale
What were tentements?
6-8 story buildings that held multiple housing units where families were crammed together. Disease was a problem
The cities were overflowed with
Contaminated water, horse urine, and manure, roaming pigs, and untreated sewage
What water related diseases came!
Cholera, typhoid fever, and yellow fever
Sanitary reformers, public health officials and municipal engineers, persuaded
City governments to banish hogs and cattle within the city limit, mount cleanup campaigns, build water and sewage systems, trash collect, and replace horses with street cars
What did this reforms also cause
Waste dumped into water,
What was a common thought at the time?
Flush and forget about it. Believed water purified itself so they dumped it into massive waters and bays
Ethnic neighborhoods in cities preserved
Familiar folkways and shielded newcomers from the shocks of a strange culture
Why did immigrants come to America?
Some were persecuted, lack of opportunity and pulled by America’s promise
American companies, seeking cheap labor
Often advertised propoganda
Under the Contract Labor Act of 1864?
The federal government helped pay an immigrant’s passage
In 1885, the government forbad companies
To import contract labor, putting immigrants under the control of their employers
Most immigrants arriving in America passed through
Ellis Island
Since most immigrants knew little English and knew nothing about American employment practices, they were
Easy subjects for exploitation
Whenever the new immigrants came in, older residents
Typically moved out, taking with them whatever social prestige and political influence they had achieved
Why did nativists believe that immigrants were threatening American culture?
They were illiterate, could not speak English, some restored to crime,
The did the Chinese face great discrimination?
Because they were not white, not Christian, and not literate
Other reasons the Chinese were discriminated?
Often accepted lower wages, and their habits of thrift, self denial, and industry
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act
Banned Chinese immigration for ten years. Gained much support
Henry Cabot Lodge did what?
Took up the cause of excluding illiterate foreigners. Organized the Immigration Restriction League
Those arrivals from China who could claim chinese American parent
Were allowed to enter, along with certain officials, teachers, merchants, and students
Traditionally, people in rural areas were
Tied to the rituals of harvest season and intimately connected with their neighbors and extended families
Many middle class urban whites had more money to be mobile as they
Were primarily associated to other memebers of their nuclear family
In the half century after the Civil War,
Newspapers were the primary means of education
Most of the newspapers were openly
Partisan, associating with one of the major national political parties
The most popular destination for the urban working class were
Saloons and dance halls. More saloons than grocery stores
Saloons were financed by
German American owned breweries
Saloons were in effect
Public homes, offering haven and fellowship who worked 10 hours a day six days of the week
Saloons were especially proper among
Male immigrants seeking companionship
Saloons were definitely
Male enclaves. Women and children entered through a side door
Women Christian’s Temperance union and Anti Saloon League charges the saloons with
Alcoholism, divorce, crime, and absenteeism
A movement to create urban parks rose after the creation of
Central Park
Fredrick Law Olmsted created parks
And they were for exercise,recreation and escape from city
Bicycles Were popular with women
Who chafed at restricting conventions of the Victorian era. Offered exercise, freedom, and access to countryside
Married women had little free time because
They had house work and maternal responsibilites
Washing clothes, supervising children, or shopping at the local market provided
Opportunities for fellowship with other women
Single women had more time for leisure. They would
Cinema, dance halls, theaters, beaches,metc
Young single women participated in urban amusements because
Of escape,pleasure, adventure, companionship, and autonomy
Basketball was created for a sport
Between the fall and spring seasons
Recent immigrants were faithful fans to
Baseball
What increased enormously at the end of the 19th century
Prestiges and premises of modern science
Every field of though was impaced by
The Origin of the Species by Charles Darwin. Used extensive observations and cast iron logic to argue that most organisms produce many more offspring that can survive
What did Darwin advocate?
Natural selection
Darwin’s findings suggested that there was no
Provisional God directing the cosmos. Evolved through trial and error
Most of the faithful viewed evolution as the
Divine will, one of the secondary causes in which God worked
Herbert Spencer argued that
Human societies and institutions evolved through the same process of natural selection. Was dismissed by Darwin
Social Darwinism implied a
Hands off government policy
Lester Frank Ward argued that
Humanity can control the process of evolution. Corporation not competition will better promote progress
Government could be the agency of progress by supporting two main goals
Ameliorating poverty and promoting the education of the masses
