Chapter 13 Flashcards
The combination of widespread religious energy and fervent social idealism brought
Major reforms and advances in human rights during the first half of the 19th century
Christian activists assumed that the US had a
God-mandated virtue to provide the world example of republican virtue
Enlightenment rationalism stressed
Humankind’s inherit goodness rather than its depravity and encouraged a belief in social progress and the promise of individual perfectibility
French revolution increased
Deism
Buy the use of reason deists could
Grasp the natural laws governing the universe
Unitarianism is
The belief that emphasized the oneness and benevolence of a loving God, humankind, and the primacy over religious creeds and organized churches
Unitarians believed Jesus was not
Divine
Universalism was
Founded by John Murray and focuses on the salvation of people, not just a selected few
Anglicanism was on the
Demise
What sparked the Second Great Awakening?
Fears of secularism
Timothy Dwight helped
Spark the Second Great Awakening
What Protestant denominations sparked after SGA?
Baptists and Methodists
What was the main message of SGA?
Salvation is available to everyone
SGA in the frontier had two religious phenomena
The backwoods circuit-riding teacher and the camp meeting
Women especially flocked to
These events
Presbyterianism was entrenched among
The Scots-Irish
The Baptists embraced
A simplicity of doctrine and organization that appealed especially to the rural people
Baptists theology was grounded in the
Infallibility of the Bible and the recognition of human depravity
The Methodists shared with the Baptists that
The belief that everyone could gain an act of free will, established a much more centralized church structrue
Methodists developed
The traveling minister on horseback
The largest camp meetings tended to be
Ecumenical affairs
Dwelling in camp meetings distorts an activity
That offered a redemptive social outlet to isolated rural folk
Evangelical ministers repeatedly applauded the
Spiritual energies of women and affirmed their right to give public witness to the faith
The energies of the revivals helped spread a more
Democratic faith among people
Finney wrestled with the question of
What role can the individual play in earning salvation
Finney’s answer
The sinner must choose salvation by embracing the promises of Jesud
Finney compared bis theatrical methods with those of campaigning
Politicians who used advertising and showmanship to attract attention
Finney organized social reform groups that
Wanted to reform social ills: including alcoholism and slavery
How was the book of mormon discovered?
Reported an angel named Moroni led him to a hillside near his father’s farm and unearthed golden tablets
What did Mormons believe?
No hell, rejected all other dominations, and the Second coming was imminent
In result to the persecution of Mormons,
Moved to Commerce, Illinois
By the end of 1848, the Mormons had developed
An efficient irrigation system and brought greening to the desert
Immanuel Kant
Gave the transatlantic Romantic movement a summary definition in the title of his Critique of Pure Reason. Emphasized the limits of science and reason
Transcendentalism was a reaction against
Calvinist Orthodoxy and the corpse cold rationalism of Unitarianism
What Was the truest piety
A pure form of personal spirituality, which had been corrupted by religion
Harmony with
Nature. Realize divine potential in God’s teachers
Emerson was determined to
Transcend the limitations of inherited conventions and rationalism in order to penetrate the inner recesses of the self
Thoreau displayed a sense of uncompromising
Integrity, outdoor vigor, and prickly individuality
Thoreau did not live life as a hermit, as he
Often welcomed guests and came to them for dinner
Thoreau and the other transcendentalism taught a powerful lesson:
People mist follow their conscience
Transcendentalists portrayed the movement as
A profound expression of moral idealism, critics dismissed it as egotism
in the 1840 census,
78% of the population could read and write, and 91% of the white population could read and white
Most children were taught to read
In church or in private dame schools
The Workingmen’s party of Philly argued that education
Would improve manners and at the same time reduce crime rate
Horace Mann did what?
Led the early drive for statewide school systems. He prompted the public school system as the way to achieve social stability and equal oppurtunity
North Carolina led the way in
State supported education
South continued to reflect the
Aristocratic pretensions. The south had more college students than other region, but smaller public schools
However, conditions for public education was
Seldom ideal.
Boston English High School was the first free
Public secondary school, set up mainly for those students who don’t plan on attending college
By law in 1827, Mass. required
A high school in every town over 500, and in towns over 4000 college preparatory course like Latin, Greek, and rhetoric
The urge to eradicate evil had its roots in the widespread sense of
Spiritual zeal and moral mission, which on turn drew upon the growing faith in human perfectibility promoted by both revivalists and Romantic idealsists
The rise of an urban middle class offered affluent
Women greater time to devote to social emotions
The american society for the promotion of temperance, which
Organized lectures, press campaigns, an essay contest, and the formation of local and state societies
The absolutists of temperance
Would brook no compromise with Demon Rum and carried the day with a resolution that liquor was evil and ought to prohibited by law
Asylums arose
To treat and cure social ills, a result of Romanticism
What would the penitentiary do?
Where the guilt experience penitence and underwent rehabilitation, not punishment
The discipline offered at Auburn Penitentiary (isolation)
Had a beneficial effect on the prisoners and saved money
The insane were usually
Confined at home with hired keepers or jails in almshouses
Catherine Beecher did what?
A leader in the education movement and founder of women’s schools in Connecticut and Ohio, and published A Treatise on Domestic Economy, prescribing the domestic sphere for women
According to some, a middle class home gave women a
Sphere of independence in which they might exercise a degree of initiative and leadership
Who were the two moral reformers and advocates of women’s tights?
Laucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
What did the Seneca Falls Convention emphasize
A part in the Declaration of Independence called Declaration of Sentiments. All men and women are created equal
Seneca Falls represented an
Important first step
Still, after women could control their own property, women were in
Nursing or teaching
Believing religious fervor to be a sign of inspiration from the Holy Ghost, Mother Ann Lee
And her followers had strange fits in which they saw visions and prophesied. They had a dance, hence the name shakers
Shaker doctrine held God to a dual personality:
In christ the masculine side was manifested, and mother ann the feminist side
Shakers farms were among the
Leading sources of garden seed and medical herbs while their manufactured goods, were prized for their simple beauty
What did John Humphrey Noyes believe in?
That sexual intercourse can be practiced by all of the community
Brook Farm grew out of the
Transcendentalist movement
Brook Farms’ residents would share
The tasks of maintaining the buildings, tending the fields, and preparing the fields
Utopian communities quickly ran out of
Steam
The communal social experiments, performed in relative isolation, had
Little effect on the outside world, where reformers wrestled worh the sins of the multitude
The American Colonization Society proposed to
Return freed slaves to Africa
Why did some support this?
It would bolster slavery by getting rid of free blacks
Lloyd Garrison launched the
Liberator
During the 1830s Garrison became the nations’s most
Fervent foe of slavery
Who made up Garrison’s army?
Evangelical Christians
Who funded the abolitionist papers
Arthur and Lewis Tappan
The American Anti Slavery Society created a
National network of newspapers, offices, chapters, and activists
What did the society stressed
Slaveholding is a heinous crime in the sight of God
What did David Walker do?
Published Walker’s Appeal, which denounced the hypocrisy of Christians in the slaveholding south
Other reformers saw the American Society as
Fundamentally sound and concentrated on purging it from slavery
Sarah and Angelina Grimké provoked
The Congregational Clergy of Mass. to chastise them for engaging in unfeminine activity
Douglass started an abolitionist newspaper for blacks, the
North Star
What was the Underground Railroad?
Grew into a vast system of secret routes and safe stopping places thag concealed runaways and spirited them to freedom,
Harriet Tubman risked
Everything to venture back to the South 19 times and helped three hundred slaves escape
Sojourner Truth was able to speak about
The evils of peculiar institution and the inequality of women
Truth also tapped the
Distinctive energies that women brought to reformist causes
One shrewd strategy was to deluge
Congress with petitions calling for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia
The evangelical Christian Churches in the South
Gradually turned pro slavery
What dis JCC say that slavery was good?
That Americans saved blacks from their unorganized civilizations and that white supremacy would be compromised
Blacks also couldn’t work in
Freedom
Whigs were against
Slavery
