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ABPP-CN > Chapter 18 - Toxic Exposure In Utero > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Toxic Exposure In Utero Flashcards

1
Q

What are the results of alcohol consumption in the first or second trimester?

A

Craniofacial and brain malformations

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2
Q

Alcohol consumption in the third trimester results in damage to what brain areas?

A

Cerebellum
Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

Alcohol consumption while pregnant may cause what neuro chemical effects?

A

Increased turnover if NE and DA
Decreased transmission in ACh
Increased transmission in GABA
Increased production of beta-endorphin in the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What are neuro pathological changes resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol?

A 
Microcephaly
Migrational anomalies
Decreases in gray matter in the perisylvian cortices of the parietal and temporal lobes 
Thinning of corpus callosum
Reduced brain growth in ventral portion of frontal lobes
Cerebellar size reduced
Basal ganglia size is reduced
Hippocampal asymmetries
Parietal volumes reduced
White matter hypoplasia
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5
Q

Alcohol consumption in the first or second trimester interferes with what?

A

Brain cell migration, proliferation, and organization

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6
Q

What NT system is affected by in Utero exposure to cocaine?

A

Monoamine

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7
Q

What does heavy maternal marijuana use cause in the infant?

A

Delay in visual maturation and visual attentiveness

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8
Q

What is the most consistent consequence of maternal marijuana use?

A

Heightened tremors and startles

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9
Q

What are other consequences of regular heavy marijuana consumption?

A

Exaggerated Moro reflex
Athetoid movements
Disinhibition on motor tests

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10
Q

What organ systems are the most commonly affected in mercury exposure?

A

Neurologic
Gastrointestinal
Renal

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11
Q

What neuro pathological changes can prenatal exposure to mercury cause?

A

Hypoplasia of cerebral cortex and corpus callosum
Abnormal cytoarchitecture
Dysmyelination of the pyramidal tract

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12
Q

What harmful effects to the fetus are observed in prenatal exposure to mercury?

A 
Brain damage
ID
Incoordination
Blindness
Seizures
Inability to speak
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13
Q

Infants exposed to significant Mercury exhibit what medical problems?

A 
Cortical degenerative disease
CP
ID
Severe sensory deficits
Microcephaly
Limb malformations
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14
Q

Prenatal exposure to PCBs can cause what neuro pathological changes?

A

Decreased size of splenium of corpus callosum

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15
Q

Infants exposed to PCBs prenatally demonstrate what characteristics?

A

Low birth weight

Delays in development

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16
Q

What does prenatal lead exposure interfere with?

A

Neurulation
Migration
Synaptogenesis
Neuro transmission

17
Q

What NT system is impacted by prenatal lead exposure?

A

DA

18
Q

What neuro pathological changes are observed in prenatal exposure to lead?

A

Reduced gray matter volume frontal lobe
Anterior cingulate
PFC

19
Q

What are the craniofacial features observed in FAS?

A 
Short palpebral fissure
Flat mid face
Short upturned nose
Smooth or long philtrum
Thin vermillion
20
Q

What neural structure abnormalities are observed in FAS?

A

Microcephaly
Callosum Agenesis
Cerebellar hypoplasia

21
Q

What are the most common neuropsych domains affected by lead exposure?

A

Attention/executive functions

Visuospatial skills

22
Q

What birth defects can prenatal exposure to anti epileptic meds cause?

A

Neural tube defects

23
Q

What birth defects can prenatal exposure to warfarin cause?

A

Developmental delays

Dandy-walker malformation

24
Q

What birth defects can prenatal exposure to acne med Accutane cause?

A

Increased risk for birth defects

ID

25
Q

What is the term for the use of a chemical substance that removes excess or toxic metals before they can cause damage to the body?

A

Chelation therapy

26
Q

What is a nonspecific group of sx that can be displayed by newborns whose mothers use drugs during pregnancy? Sx include: excessive crying, irritability, hyperactive reflexes, seizures, increased muscle tone

A

Neonatal abstinence syndrome

27
Q

What does hypoplasia mean?

A

Incomplete development of tissue - below average number of cells

28
Q

What percentage of kids with FAS qualify for a dx of ADHD?

A

60-95%

29
Q

What percentage of kids with FAS have an IQ below 70?

A

25%

30
Q

What memory deficits are observed in kids with FAS?

A

Deficits with the acquisition of new information

31
Q

What sensorimotor problems have been observed in kids with FAS?

A 
Delayed motor development
Fine motor deficits
Balance
Sensory integration problems
Tactile defensiveness
Under sensitivity to stimulation
32
Q

What are the four essential criteria for an FAS dx?

A

Growth deficiency
Craniofacial features
CNS dysfunction
Prenatal alcohol exposure

33
Q

What determines the severity of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure?

A

Quantity consumed
Pattern of exposure
Timing of exposure
Additional risk factors

ABPP-CN (26 decks)

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