Chapter 18 - Toxic Exposure In Utero Flashcards
What are the results of alcohol consumption in the first or second trimester?
Craniofacial and brain malformations
Alcohol consumption in the third trimester results in damage to what brain areas?
Cerebellum
Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex
Alcohol consumption while pregnant may cause what neuro chemical effects?
Increased turnover if NE and DA
Decreased transmission in ACh
Increased transmission in GABA
Increased production of beta-endorphin in the hypothalamus
What are neuro pathological changes resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol?
Microcephaly Migrational anomalies Decreases in gray matter in the perisylvian cortices of the parietal and temporal lobes Thinning of corpus callosum Reduced brain growth in ventral portion of frontal lobes Cerebellar size reduced Basal ganglia size is reduced Hippocampal asymmetries Parietal volumes reduced White matter hypoplasia
Alcohol consumption in the first or second trimester interferes with what?
Brain cell migration, proliferation, and organization
What NT system is affected by in Utero exposure to cocaine?
Monoamine
What does heavy maternal marijuana use cause in the infant?
Delay in visual maturation and visual attentiveness
What is the most consistent consequence of maternal marijuana use?
Heightened tremors and startles
What are other consequences of regular heavy marijuana consumption?
Exaggerated Moro reflex
Athetoid movements
Disinhibition on motor tests
What organ systems are the most commonly affected in mercury exposure?
Neurologic
Gastrointestinal
Renal
What neuro pathological changes can prenatal exposure to mercury cause?
Hypoplasia of cerebral cortex and corpus callosum
Abnormal cytoarchitecture
Dysmyelination of the pyramidal tract
What harmful effects to the fetus are observed in prenatal exposure to mercury?
Brain damage ID Incoordination Blindness Seizures Inability to speak
Infants exposed to significant Mercury exhibit what medical problems?
Cortical degenerative disease CP ID Severe sensory deficits Microcephaly Limb malformations
Prenatal exposure to PCBs can cause what neuro pathological changes?
Decreased size of splenium of corpus callosum
Infants exposed to PCBs prenatally demonstrate what characteristics?
Low birth weight
Delays in development
What does prenatal lead exposure interfere with?
Neurulation
Migration
Synaptogenesis
Neuro transmission
What NT system is impacted by prenatal lead exposure?
DA
What neuro pathological changes are observed in prenatal exposure to lead?
Reduced gray matter volume frontal lobe
Anterior cingulate
PFC
What are the craniofacial features observed in FAS?
Short palpebral fissure Flat mid face Short upturned nose Smooth or long philtrum Thin vermillion
What neural structure abnormalities are observed in FAS?
Microcephaly
Callosum Agenesis
Cerebellar hypoplasia
What are the most common neuropsych domains affected by lead exposure?
Attention/executive functions
Visuospatial skills
What birth defects can prenatal exposure to anti epileptic meds cause?
Neural tube defects
What birth defects can prenatal exposure to warfarin cause?
Developmental delays
Dandy-walker malformation
What birth defects can prenatal exposure to acne med Accutane cause?
Increased risk for birth defects
ID
What is the term for the use of a chemical substance that removes excess or toxic metals before they can cause damage to the body?
Chelation therapy
What is a nonspecific group of sx that can be displayed by newborns whose mothers use drugs during pregnancy? Sx include: excessive crying, irritability, hyperactive reflexes, seizures, increased muscle tone
Neonatal abstinence syndrome
What does hypoplasia mean?
Incomplete development of tissue - below average number of cells
What percentage of kids with FAS qualify for a dx of ADHD?
60-95%
What percentage of kids with FAS have an IQ below 70?
25%
What memory deficits are observed in kids with FAS?
Deficits with the acquisition of new information
What sensorimotor problems have been observed in kids with FAS?
Delayed motor development Fine motor deficits Balance Sensory integration problems Tactile defensiveness Under sensitivity to stimulation
What are the four essential criteria for an FAS dx?
Growth deficiency
Craniofacial features
CNS dysfunction
Prenatal alcohol exposure
What determines the severity of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure?
Quantity consumed
Pattern of exposure
Timing of exposure
Additional risk factors
