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ABPP-CN > Chapter 17 - Cerebral Palsy > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Cerebral Palsy Flashcards

1
Q

What motor impairments can be observed in cerebral palsy?

A

Posture
Balance
Muscle control
Movement

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2
Q

What is the most frequent neuro pathological finding in cerebral palsy?

A

White matter damage

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3
Q

What brain structures comprise the pyramidal motor system?

A

Precentral motor cortex
Corticospinal tract
Spinal motor neurons

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4
Q

What is the pyramidal motor system responsible for?

A

Initiating and carrying out signals that enable voluntary skilled movements

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5
Q

What subtype of CP results from damage to the pyramidal system?

A

Spastic CP

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6
Q

70-85% of cases of CP are of what subtype?

A

Spastic CP

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7
Q

What is the specific neuropathology often observed in spastic CP?

A

Periventricular leukomalacia

Intraventricular hemorrhage

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8
Q

What are the three subtypes of spastic CP that result from damage to the pyramidal motor system?

A

Spastic hemiplegic CP
Spastic diplegic CP
Spastic quadriplegic CP

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9
Q

What is cerebral palsy not?

A

A disease or etiology

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10
Q

What are the two CP subtypes that result from injury to the extrapyramidal system ?

A

Dyskinetic

Ataxic

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11
Q

What is the most frequent neuropathology observed in spastic hemiplegic CP?

A

Unilateral MCA stroke

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12
Q

What is the most severe subtype of CP?

A

Spastic quadriplegic CP

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13
Q

What is the most common neuropathology observed in spastic quadriplegic CP?

A

Anoxia or other generalized gray matter injury

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14
Q

What brain regions comprise the extrapyramidal motor system?

A

Cerebellum
Basal ganglia
Brain stem

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15
Q

What is the function of the extrapyramidal system?

A

Fine tune the movements of the pyramidal system by making adjustments to posture and coordination

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16
Q

What does damage to the extrapyramidal system cause?

A

Abnormal involuntary movements

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17
Q

What is dyskinetic CP characterized by?

A

Athetoid or dystonic movements

18
Q

What is dyskinetic CP caused by?

A

An underlying hypoxic-ischemic injury

19
Q

What is ataxic CP characterized by?

A

Lack of coordination during voluntary gross and fine motor movements

20
Q

What are the signs of ataxic CP?

A

Poor balance
Unsteadiness
Wide-based gait
Shakiness during tasks that involve manual dexterity

21
Q

What is the most typical presentation in CP?

A

Spasticity with athetoid movements

22
Q

Which extremities are affected in the two subtypes of CP that result from damage to the extrapyramidal system?

A

All of them

Upper more than lower

23
Q

Normal intellectual functioning is observed in which forms of CP?

A

Extrapyramidal

24
Q

After what age is cerebral palsy an incorrect term to use?

A

3 years

25
Q

What is the leading cause of physical disability in childhood?

A

CP

26
Q

Can CP be diagnosed in utero?

A

No

27
Q

What are signs of possible CP in infancy?

A

Persisting reflex patterns

Earlier than typical acquisition of milestones (standing earlier - hypertonia)

28
Q

When is a definitive dx of CP usually made?

A

In second or third year of life

29
Q

About what percentage of children outgrow the dx of mild CP?

A

50%

30
Q

Severity of cognitive impairment is positively correlated with what?

A

Degree of motor impairment

31
Q

Damage to what areas of the brain results in attentional difficulties?

A

Peri ventricular white matter and subcortical damage

32
Q

What cognitive domain is affected more than any other in CP?

A

Visuospatial functions

33
Q

What medication is used to reduce muscle contractions in CP?

A

Botox

34
Q

What medication is used to reduce spasticity, hyper reflexes, and painful muscle spasms?

A

Baclofen

35
Q

What medication is used to decrease abnormal muscle movements in CP?

A

Sinemet or Artane (DA agonists)

36
Q

What medication is used to reduce spasticity, hyper reflexes, painful muscle spasms and reduce anxiety in CP?

A

Valium

37
Q

What is the trade name for diazepam?

A

Valium

38
Q

What is the term for slow and writhing involuntary movements that can affect any part of the body?

A

Athetosis

39
Q

What is the term for involuntary muscle contractions that cause repetitive and twisting movements, as well as irregular postures?

A

Dystonia

40
Q

What is the most frequent neuropathology observed in spastic diplegic CP?

A

White matter damage of prematurity

ABPP-CN (26 decks)

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