chapter 18

Question 1

demography

Answer 1

“written description of the people”

Question 2

Demography definition

Answer 2

field of sociology devoted to the study of hyman population and its growth, decline, or movement (migration)

Question 3

census

Answer 3

count of the population

Question 4

how often does the US constitution require a census

Answer 4

every 10 years

Question 5

what does the census help determine in politics

Answer 5

congressional reprensation

Question 6

how is the census supplemented

Answer 6

supplemented by vital statistics; record of births, deaths, marriages and divorces

Question 7

what are the vital statistics for

Answer 7

to update statistics in between census years

Question 8

growth rate

Answer 8

population gains/losses calculated for a period of time by dividing the net gain/loss by the total population you started with

Question 9

Growth rate formula

Answer 9

(net population change)/(size of population)=growth rate

Question 10

fertility rate

Answer 10

level of reproduction among women of child bearing age

Question 11

fertility rate formula

Answer 11

total births/number of women in child bearing years= fertility rate (15-44)

Question 12

what is the fertility rate influenced by

Answer 12

the age of entry into sexual union and use of conception

Question 13

mortality rate

Answer 13

the amount of deaths

Question 14

what is the mortality rate shaped by

Answer 14

a nations level of nutrition, acceptance of immunization, provisions for sanitation, commitment to healthcare/education

Question 15

birth cohort

Answer 15

all persons born within a given time period (usually within 1 year)

Question 16

what is the birth cohort helpful for

Answer 16

long term planning

Question 17

migration

Answer 17

movement from one country to another depending on marital, kinships, etc.

Question 18

immigrants

Answer 18

those who enter a country

Question 19

emigrants

Answer 19

those who exit a country

Question 20

age structure

Answer 20

proportions of persons of various age groups that make up the total population

Question 21

sex structure

Answer 21

proportions of males and females in a population

Question 22

what is needed to know to predict population

Answer 22

fertility and mortality rates, as well as age and sex structures

Question 23

expansive population structure

Answer 23

pyramid shape, growing with each generation (having 3 or 4+ kids)

Question 24

stationary population structure

Answer 24

rectangular, maintaining each generation (only 2 kids)

Question 25

constrictive population structure

Answer 25

inverted pyramid, decreasing with each generation (only 1 child)

Question 26

numeracy

Answer 26

an awareness of the "right" size of a family

Question 27

what changes over time

Answer 27

the idea of the right size of family

Question 28

what did malthus study

Answer 28

historical cycles of population, rapid growth, followed by rapid decline

Question 29

what does the human population have potential for

Answer 29

exponential growth

Question 30

what will the population rise to

Answer 30

slightly above the supply of food

Question 31

what cannot grow at the same rate as the population

Answer 31

food supply

Question 32

human populations will grow or decline according to

Answer 32

the availability of life necessitates, especially food

Question 33

positive checks

Answer 33

primary factors that stop population growth

Question 34

what are the positive checks

Answer 34

famine, disease, war

Question 35

Malthusian theory on mortality rate

Answer 35

believed it was an important factor

Question 36

malthusian theory on fertility rate

Answer 36

beloved it was always high

Question 37

what doesn't the malthusian theory account for

Answer 37

modernization

Question 38

modern people have different ideas on

Answer 38

fertility

Question 39

demographic transition theory

Answer 39

switch from high mortality/high fertility rates to low mortality/low fertility

Question 40

modernization tends to lead to conditions that

Answer 40

encourage low fertility

Question 41

with mortality reduced

Answer 41

people no longer wanted large families

Question 42

in pre industrial society

Answer 42

children are valuable to workforce (large families = benefit)

Question 43

in urban society

Answer 43

children are a financial drain

Question 44

demographic transitions

Answer 44

thresholds of modernization

Question 45

what must be crossed in order to reduce fertility

Answer 45

thresholds of modernization

Question 46

how many thresholds must be crossed to reduce fertility

Answer 46

3 or 4

Question 47

More than half the population is not employees in

Answer 47

agriculture

Question 48

more than half of the persons age 5-19

Answer 48

are enrolled in schools

Question 49

average life expectancy is

Answer 49

60 years

Question 50

infant mortality rate falls to

Answer 50

65 deaths per 1000

Question 51

80% of females aged 15-19

Answer 51

are not married

Question 52

per capita GNP reaches

Answer 52

$450

Question 53

at least 70% of adults

Answer 53

can read

Question 54

about 1000 years ago

Answer 54

1st major population shift

Question 55

what happened in the first major population shift

Answer 55

rapid increase in population

Question 56

what caused the first shift

Answer 56

development of agriculture

Question 57

late 1700's-early 1800's

Answer 57

2nd shift

Question 58

what happened in the second major population shift

Answer 58

modernization

Question 59

what caused the second shift

Answer 59

rapid growth in western nations without activating mathusius check

Question 60

mid 1800's

Answer 60

3rd shift

Question 61

what happened in the third major population shift

Answer 61

population growth at "replacement level" (having 2 kids or less)

Question 62

1950-1970s

Answer 62

4th shift

Question 63

what happened in the third major population shift

Answer 63

population explosion in less developed nations

Question 64

the population exploded

Answer 64

but not enough thresholds of modernization are crossed to initiate decline in fertility rate

Question 65

cultural lag

Answer 65

fertility rate remained high but mortality dropped with imported technology

Question 66

5th shift

Answer 66

population explosion wanes

Question 67

mid 1960s

Answer 67

5th shift

Question 68

6th shift

Answer 68

crisis of depopulation

Question 69

what are we in currently

Answer 69

6th shift

Question 70

industrialized nations

Answer 70

fertility rates drop below replacement levels

Question 71

graying populations

Answer 71

elderly population outnumbers younger population

Question 72

sex structure

Answer 72

the proportions of males and females in a population

Question 73

baby boom

Answer 73

a brief period of high fertility in many western industrial nations immediately following world war 2

Question 74

wanted fertility

Answer 74

the number of children a couple wishes to have