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chapter 18 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

demography

A

“written description of the people”

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2
Q

Demography definition

A

field of sociology devoted to the study of hyman population and its growth, decline, or movement (migration)

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3
Q

census

A

count of the population

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4
Q

how often does the US constitution require a census

A

every 10 years

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5
Q

what does the census help determine in politics

A

congressional reprensation

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6
Q

how is the census supplemented

A

supplemented by vital statistics; record of births, deaths, marriages and divorces

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7
Q

what are the vital statistics for

A

to update statistics in between census years

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8
Q

growth rate

A

population gains/losses calculated for a period of time by dividing the net gain/loss by the total population you started with

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9
Q

Growth rate formula

A

(net population change)/(size of population)=growth rate

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10
Q

fertility rate

A

level of reproduction among women of child bearing age

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11
Q

fertility rate formula

A

total births/number of women in child bearing years= fertility rate (15-44)

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12
Q

what is the fertility rate influenced by

A

the age of entry into sexual union and use of conception

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13
Q

mortality rate

A

the amount of deaths

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14
Q

what is the mortality rate shaped by

A

a nations level of nutrition, acceptance of immunization, provisions for sanitation, commitment to healthcare/education

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15
Q

birth cohort

A

all persons born within a given time period (usually within 1 year)

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16
Q

what is the birth cohort helpful for

A

long term planning

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17
Q

migration

A

movement from one country to another depending on marital, kinships, etc.

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18
Q

immigrants

A

those who enter a country

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19
Q

emigrants

A

those who exit a country

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20
Q

age structure

A

proportions of persons of various age groups that make up the total population

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21
Q

sex structure

A

proportions of males and females in a population

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22
Q

what is needed to know to predict population

A

fertility and mortality rates, as well as age and sex structures

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23
Q

expansive population structure

A

pyramid shape, growing with each generation (having 3 or 4+ kids)

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24
Q

stationary population structure

A

rectangular, maintaining each generation (only 2 kids)

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25
Q

constrictive population structure

A

inverted pyramid, decreasing with each generation (only 1 child)

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26
Q

numeracy

A

an awareness of the “right” size of a family

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27
Q

what changes over time

A

the idea of the right size of family

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28
Q

what did malthus study

A

historical cycles of population, rapid growth, followed by rapid decline

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29
Q

what does the human population have potential for

A

exponential growth

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30
Q

what will the population rise to

A

slightly above the supply of food

31
Q

what cannot grow at the same rate as the population

A

food supply

32
Q

human populations will grow or decline according to

A

the availability of life necessitates, especially food

33
Q

positive checks

A

primary factors that stop population growth

34
Q

what are the positive checks

A

famine, disease, war

35
Q

Malthusian theory on mortality rate

A

believed it was an important factor

36
Q

malthusian theory on fertility rate

A

beloved it was always high

37
Q

what doesn’t the malthusian theory account for

A

modernization

38
Q

modern people have different ideas on

A

fertility

39
Q

demographic transition theory

A

switch from high mortality/high fertility rates to low mortality/low fertility

40
Q

modernization tends to lead to conditions that

A

encourage low fertility

41
Q

with mortality reduced

A

people no longer wanted large families

42
Q

in pre industrial society

A

children are valuable to workforce (large families = benefit)

43
Q

in urban society

A

children are a financial drain

44
Q

demographic transitions

A

thresholds of modernization

45
Q

what must be crossed in order to reduce fertility

A

thresholds of modernization

46
Q

how many thresholds must be crossed to reduce fertility

A

3 or 4

47
Q

More than half the population is not employees in

A

agriculture

48
Q

more than half of the persons age 5-19

A

are enrolled in schools

49
Q

average life expectancy is

A

60 years

50
Q

infant mortality rate falls to

A

65 deaths per 1000

51
Q

80% of females aged 15-19

A

are not married

52
Q

per capita GNP reaches

A

$450

53
Q

at least 70% of adults

A

can read

54
Q

about 1000 years ago

A

1st major population shift

55
Q

what happened in the first major population shift

A

rapid increase in population

56
Q

what caused the first shift

A

development of agriculture

57
Q

late 1700’s-early 1800’s

A

2nd shift

58
Q

what happened in the second major population shift

A

modernization

59
Q

what caused the second shift

A

rapid growth in western nations without activating mathusius check

60
Q

mid 1800’s

A

3rd shift

61
Q

what happened in the third major population shift

A

population growth at “replacement level” (having 2 kids or less)

62
Q

1950-1970s

A

4th shift

63
Q

what happened in the third major population shift

A

population explosion in less developed nations

64
Q

the population exploded

A

but not enough thresholds of modernization are crossed to initiate decline in fertility rate

65
Q

cultural lag

A

fertility rate remained high but mortality dropped with imported technology

66
Q

5th shift

A

population explosion wanes

67
Q

mid 1960s

A

5th shift

68
Q

6th shift

A

crisis of depopulation

69
Q

what are we in currently

A

6th shift

70
Q

industrialized nations

A

fertility rates drop below replacement levels

71
Q

graying populations

A

elderly population outnumbers younger population

72
Q

sex structure

A

the proportions of males and females in a population

73
Q

baby boom

A

a brief period of high fertility in many western industrial nations immediately following world war 2

74
Q

wanted fertility

A

the number of children a couple wishes to have

Sociology (18 decks)

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