Chapter 8

Question 1

conformity

Answer 1

going along with peers - those individuals that of our own status that have no formal right to direct our behavior

Question 2

obedience

Answer 2

compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

Question 3

deviance

Answer 3

behavior that violates the standard of conduct or expectations of a group or society

Question 4

Standards of deviance

Answer 4

vary from one group (subculture) to the next

Question 5

Over time…

Answer 5

deviances vary (herione was accepted, now it is not)

Question 6

deviance is

Answer 6

subjective

Question 7

stigma

Answer 7

the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups (people can be stigmatized as a result of deviance)

Question 8

social control

Answer 8

techniques and strategies for presenting deviant behavior in any society

Question 9

informal social control

Answer 9

used to casually enforce norms

Question 10

informal monitoring and reporting

Answer 10

“social pressure,” “the look”

Question 11

principle of dependence

Answer 11

the more dependent members are on a group, the more they conform to group norms

Question 12

principle of visibility

Answer 12

when group behavior is easily observed or monitored by other members, the degree of conformity will be greater

Question 13

principle of extensiveness

Answer 13

the greater the scope and extent of norms upheld by the group, the greater will be the contribution to social order

Question 14

formal social control

Answer 14

control that applies to legalized (formalized) rules and laws

Question 15

formal social control roles

Answer 15

police officers, doctors, bosses

Question 16

prevention

Answer 16

limits opportunities, early intervention: can we stop criminals before they start?

Question 17

deterrence

Answer 17

punishment myst be perceived as certain, swift, and severe if it is to be effective in deterrence

Question 18

reformation or resicialization

Answer 18

resocialize people so that they stop wanting to deviate

Question 19

cultural transmission

Answer 19

emphasizes that a person learns criminal behavior through interactions with others

Question 20

defferentail association

Answer 20

process through which violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes that are favorable to criminal acts (“wrong crowd”)

Question 21

social disorganization theory

Answer 21

when neighborhoods decline and become disorganized (population leaves, buildings deteriorate) crime rises.

Question 22

What can increases in crime and deviance be attributed to

Answer 22

the absence of communal relationships and social institutions

Question 23

labeling theory

Answer 23

attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants or “troublemakers” while others taking part int he same behavior are not

Question 24

what does labeling theory emphasize

Answer 24

who person given that label accepts that label

Question 25

what else is the labeling theory called

Answer 25

“societal-reaction” approach

Question 26

what determines whether an act is deviant

Answer 26

the response to the act and not the behavior itself