Chapter 18

Question 1

Specific cells that possess the receptors needed to bind and “read” the hormonal message when it arrives.

Answer 1

Target Cells

Question 2

The hormone itself which does something that leads to the appearance of a second messenger.

Answer 2

First Messenger

Question 3

May act as an enzyme activator, inhibitor, or cofactor, but the net result is a change in the rates of various metabolic reactions.

Answer 3

Second Messenger

Question 4

A process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors.

Answer 4

Down-Regulation

Question 5

A process in which the absence of a hormone triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors.

Answer 5

Up-Regulation

Question 6

The pituitary gland.

Answer 6

Hypophysis

Question 7

A tapering, funnel-shaped structure; in the brain, the connection between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus; in the uterine tube, the entrance bounded by fimbriae that receives the oocytes at ovulation.

Answer 7

Infundibulum

Question 8

Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the adenohypophysis.

Answer 8

Releasing Hormone

Question 9

Prevents the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the adenohypophysis.

Answer 9

Inhibiting Hormone

Question 10

The stimulation of energy production and heat loss by thyroid hormones.

Answer 10

Calorigenic Effect

Question 11

A small endocrine gland that secretes steroids and catecholamines and is located superior to each kidney; also called adrenal gland.

Answer 11

Suprarenal

Question 12

A type of diabetes mellitus in which insulin levels are normal or elevated, but peripheral tissues no longer respond normally.

Answer 12

(Type 2) Diabetes Mellitus

Question 13

A type of diabetes mellitus; the primary cause is inadequate insulin production by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

Answer 13

(Type 1) Diabetes Mellitus

Question 14

When stress lasts longer than a few hours, the individual enters this phase of the GAS. Glucocorticoids are the dominant hormones of this phase.

Answer 14

Resistance Phase

Question 15

During this phase, an immediate response to the stress occurs. This response is directed by he sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 15

Alarm Phase

Question 16

When the resistance phase ends, homeostatic regulation breaks down and this phase begins. Unless corrective actions are taken almost immediately, the failure of one or more organ systems will prove fatal.

Answer 16

Exhaustive Phase

Question 17

When two hormones may have additive effects, so that the net result is greater than the effect that each would produce acting alone. In some cases, the net result is greater than the sum of the hormones’ individual effects.

Answer 17

Synergistic Effect

Question 18

When the first hormone is needed for the second to produce its effect.

Answer 18

Permissive Effect

Question 19

Whe hormones may produce different, but complementary, results in specific tissues and organs.

Answer 19

Integrative Effect

Question 20

The pattern of Hormonal and physiological adjustments with which the body responds to all for of stress.

Answer 20

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Question 21

A condition caused by the hypo secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids; characterized by an inability to mobilize energy reserves and maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Answer 21

Addison Disease

Question 22

A condition caused by hypothyroidism at birth or in infancy; marked by inadequate skeletal and nervous system development and a metabolic rate as much as 40 percent below normal levels.

Answer 22

Cretinism

Question 23

A condition caused by the hyper secretion of glucocorticoids; characterized by the excessive breakdown and relocation of lipid reserves and proteins.

Answer 23

Cushing Disease

Question 24

A disorder that develops when the neurohypophysis no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH, or when the kidneys cannot respond to ADH.

Answer 24

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 25

The presence of glucose in the urine.

Answer 25

Glycosuria

Question 26

An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Answer 26

Goiter

Question 27

Abnormally high blood glucose levels.

Answer 27

Hyperglycemia

Question 28

Muscle spasms affecting the face and upper extremities; caused by low Ca2+ concentrations in body fluids.

Answer 28

Hypocalcemic Tetany

Question 29

Condition resulting from severe hypo secretion of thyroid hormones; characterized by subcutaneous swelling, hair loss, dry skin, low body temperature, muscle weakness, and slowed reflexes.

Answer 29

Myxedema

Question 30

The production of excessive amounts of urine; a sign of diabetes.

Answer 30

Polyuria

Question 31

A condition characterized by depression, lethargy, an inability to concentrate, and altered sleep and eating habits; linked to elevated melatonin levels in individuals exposed to only short periods of daylight.

Answer 31

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)