Chapter 13 Corrected

Question 1

Found at the foramen magnum of the skull, the spinal meninges are continuous with these,, which surround the brain.

Answer 1

cranial meninges

Question 2

A series of specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord, provide the necessary physical stability and show absorption.

Answer 2

spinal meninges

Question 3

The outermost component of the cranial and spinal meninges.

Answer 3

dura mater

Question 4

The space between the spinal dura mater and the walls of the vertebral foramen; contains blood vessels and adipose tissue; a common site of injection for regional anesthesia.

Answer 4

epidural space

Question 5

Fluid bathing the internal and external surfaces of the central nervous system; secreted by the choroid plexus.

Answer 5

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 6

The innermost layer of the meninges bound to the underlying neural tissue.

Answer 6

pia mater

Question 7

A dense layer of collagen fibers that surrounds a peripheral nerve.

Answer 7

epineurium

Question 8

The middle layer, its fibers extend inward from the epineurium.

Answer 8

perineurium

Question 9

A delicate network of connective tissue fibers that surrounds individual nerve fibers.

Answer 9

endoneurium

Question 10

A bundle of postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers that are distributed to effectors in the body wall, skin, and limbs by way of a spinal nerve.

Answer 10

gray ramus

Question 11

A nerve bundle containing the myelinated preganglionic axons of sympathetic motor neurons en route to the sympathetic chain or to a collateral ganglion.

Answer 11

white ramus

Question 12

A complex interwoven network of nerves.

Answer 12

nerve plexus

Question 13

Functional groups of interconnected neurons.

Answer 13

neuronal pool

Question 14

Result from the connections that form between neurons during development; generally appear in a predictable sequence.

Answer 14

innate reflexes

Question 15

Complex, learned motor patterns. They are rapid and automatic, but are also learned rather than preestablished.

Answer 15

acquired reflexes

Question 16

Provide a mechanism for the involuntary control of the muscular system.

Answer 16

somatic reflexes

Question 17

Also known as autonomic reflexes, control the activities of other systems.

Answer 17

visceral reflexes

Question 18

An enhancement of spinal reflexes. Happens when many of the excitatory synapses are chronically active, and the postsynaptic neuron enters a state of generalized facilitation.

Answer 18

reinforcement

Question 19

A spinal reflex in infants, consisting of a fanning of the toes in response to stroking the sole of the foot; in adults, a _______ sign indicates CNS injury.

Answer 19

Babinski sign

Question 20

The injection of anesthetic into the epidural space to eliminate sensory and motor innervation via spinal nerves in the area of injection.

Answer 20

epidural block

Question 21

An inflammation of the meninges involving either the spinal cord or the brain; generally caused by bacterial or viral pathogens.

Answer 21

meningitis

Question 22

Regional losses of sensory and motor function as a result of nerve trauma, disease, or compression.

Answer 22

nerve palsies

Question 23

Paralysis involving a loss of motor control of the lower, but not eh upper, limbs.

Answer 23

paraplegia

Question 24

A stretch reflex resulting from the stimulation of stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscles.

Answer 24

patellar reflex

Question 25

A spinal reflex in adults, consisting of a curling of the toes in response to stroking the side of the foot sole.

Answer 25

plantar reflex

Question 26

Paralysis involving the loss of sensation and motor control of the upper and lower limbs.

Answer 26

quadriplegic

Question 27

A condition caused by the infection of neurons in dorsal root ganglia by the varicella-zoster virus. The primary sign is a painful rash along the sensory distribution of the affected spinal nerves.

Answer 27

shingles

Question 28

A procedure in which cerebrospinal fluid is rumbaed from the subarachnoid space through a needle, generally inserted between the lumbar vertebrae.

Answer 28

spinal tap

Question 29

A spinal tap performed between adjacent lumbar vertebrae inferior to the conus medullaris.

Answer 29

lumbar puncture