Chapter 17 - The Nervous System Flashcards by Mike Thorseth

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral nervous system

All nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

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Neurons

Conducting tissue of the nervous system

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Neuroglia

Cells that support and protect the nervous system

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Dendrite

Carries impulses toward the cell body

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Axon

Carries impulses away from the cell body

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Myelin

Whitish, fatty material that insulates and protects the axon and speeds electrical conduction.

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Myelinated

Covered axons

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Grey matter

Unmyelinated tissue.

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Sensory or afferent neuron

Transmits impulses toward the CNS

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Motor or efferent neuron

Transmits impulses away from the CNS

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Interneurons

Connecting cells of the CNS

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Synapse

Point of contact between two neurons. Energy is passed from one cell to another.

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Ganglion

Collection of cell bodies along the pathway of a nerve

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4 parts of the brain

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.

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Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain. Largely composed of white matter. Thin outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex

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Cerebral cortex

Outer layer of the cerebrum. Higher functions of memory, reason, and abstract thought occur here.

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Sulci

Grooves of the grey matter

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Gyri

Raised areas of the grey matter

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Diencephalon

Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.

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Parts of the brainstem

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongota

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Midbrain

Reflex centers for improved vision and hearing

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Pons

Bulge on the anterior surface of the brainstem. Fibers that connect the brains different regions.

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Medulla oblongota

Connects the brain to the spinal cord. Vital center that controls heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.

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Cerebellum

Divided into two hemispheres. Controls voluntary muscle movement and maintains posture, balance, and coordination.

Ventricles

4 of them that produce cerebral spinal fluid that acts a protective cushion.

Meninges

3 protective layers that protect the brain and spinal cord

Dura mater

Hard outermost layer of the meninge

Arachnoid mater

Thin web like middle layer of the meninge

Pia mater

Thin, vascular innermost layer attached directly to the brain and spinal cord.

Cranial nerves.

12 of them identified by Roman numerals.

Olfactory

I. Carries impulses for the sense of smell

Optic

II. Carries impulses for the sense of vision.

Oculomotor

III. Controls movement of the eye muscles

Trochlear

IV. Controls a muscle of the eyeball

Trigeminal

V. Carries sensory impulses from the face. Controls chewing muscles.

Abducens

VI. Controls a muscle of the eyeball.

Vestibulocochlear

VII. Conducts impulses for hearing and equilibrium. Also called auditory or acoustic nerve.

Facial

VIII. Controls muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, and tear glands. Conducts some impulses for taste

Glossopharyngeal

IX. Conducts sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx. Stimulates parotid salivary gland and partly controls swallowing.

Vagus

X. Supplies most organs of the thorax and abdomen. Controls digestive secretions.

Spinal accessory.

XI. Controls muscles of the neck

Hypoglossal

XII. Controls muscles of the tongue.

Cervical

8 nerves

Thoracic

12 nerves

Lumbar

5 nerves

Sacral

5 nerves

Coccygeal

1 nerve

Dorsal or posterior root

Carries sensory input to the cord

Ventral or anterior root

Carries impulses away from the cord to glands or muscles.

Neur/o, neur/i

Nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve

Gli/o

Neuroglia

Gangli/o, ganglion/o

Ganglion

Mening/o, meninge/o

Meninges

Myel/o

Spinal cord (also bone marrow)

Radicul/o

Spinal nerve root

Encephal/o

Brain

Cerebr/o

Cerebrum

Cortic/o

Cerebral cortex

Cerebell/o

Cerebellum

Thalam/o

Thalamus

Ventricul/o

Cavity, ventricle

Medull/o

Medulla oblongota

Psych/o

Mind

Narc/o

Stupor, unconscious

Somn/o, somn/I

Sleep

-phasia

Speech

-lalia

Speech, babble

-lexia

Reading

-plegia

Paralysis

-paresis

Partial paralysis, weakness

-lepsy

Seizure

-phobia

Persistent, irrational fear

-mania

Excited state, obsession

Carotid endarterectomy

Procedure to open an artery leading to the brain in case of an embolism

Epidural hematoma

Collection of blood between the dura mater and the skull bone

Subdural hematoma

Blood collection between the dura and the arachnoid caused by separation of the two spaces.

Contrecoup injury

Damage to the brain on the side opposite the blow as the skull is thrown.

Shingles

Caused by the varicella-zoster (chickenpox) virus. Causes itching, blistering rash.

Hydrocephalus

Accumulation of excess CSF in the ventricles.

Somnambulism

Sleep walking

Dysthymia

Chronic mood disorder