Chapter 17 - The Nervous System Flashcards
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
All nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
Neurons
Conducting tissue of the nervous system
Neuroglia
Cells that support and protect the nervous system
Dendrite
Carries impulses toward the cell body
Axon
Carries impulses away from the cell body
Myelin
Whitish, fatty material that insulates and protects the axon and speeds electrical conduction.
Myelinated
Covered axons
Grey matter
Unmyelinated tissue.
Sensory or afferent neuron
Transmits impulses toward the CNS
Motor or efferent neuron
Transmits impulses away from the CNS
Interneurons
Connecting cells of the CNS
Synapse
Point of contact between two neurons. Energy is passed from one cell to another.
Ganglion
Collection of cell bodies along the pathway of a nerve
4 parts of the brain
Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.
Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain. Largely composed of white matter. Thin outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex
Outer layer of the cerebrum. Higher functions of memory, reason, and abstract thought occur here.
Sulci
Grooves of the grey matter
Gyri
Raised areas of the grey matter
Diencephalon
Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.
Parts of the brainstem
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongota
Midbrain
Reflex centers for improved vision and hearing
Pons
Bulge on the anterior surface of the brainstem. Fibers that connect the brains different regions.
Medulla oblongota
Connects the brain to the spinal cord. Vital center that controls heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.
Cerebellum
Divided into two hemispheres. Controls voluntary muscle movement and maintains posture, balance, and coordination.
Ventricles
4 of them that produce cerebral spinal fluid that acts a protective cushion.
Meninges
3 protective layers that protect the brain and spinal cord
Dura mater
Hard outermost layer of the meninge
Arachnoid mater
Thin web like middle layer of the meninge
Pia mater
Thin, vascular innermost layer attached directly to the brain and spinal cord.
Cranial nerves.
12 of them identified by Roman numerals.
Olfactory
I. Carries impulses for the sense of smell
Optic
II. Carries impulses for the sense of vision.
Oculomotor
III. Controls movement of the eye muscles
Trochlear
IV. Controls a muscle of the eyeball
Trigeminal
V. Carries sensory impulses from the face. Controls chewing muscles.
Abducens
VI. Controls a muscle of the eyeball.
Vestibulocochlear
VII. Conducts impulses for hearing and equilibrium. Also called auditory or acoustic nerve.
Facial
VIII. Controls muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, and tear glands. Conducts some impulses for taste
Glossopharyngeal
IX. Conducts sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx. Stimulates parotid salivary gland and partly controls swallowing.
Vagus
X. Supplies most organs of the thorax and abdomen. Controls digestive secretions.
Spinal accessory.
XI. Controls muscles of the neck
Hypoglossal
XII. Controls muscles of the tongue.
Cervical
8 nerves
Thoracic
12 nerves
Lumbar
5 nerves
Sacral
5 nerves
Coccygeal
1 nerve
Dorsal or posterior root
Carries sensory input to the cord
Ventral or anterior root
Carries impulses away from the cord to glands or muscles.
Neur/o, neur/i
Nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve
Gli/o
Neuroglia
Gangli/o, ganglion/o
Ganglion
Mening/o, meninge/o
Meninges
Myel/o
Spinal cord (also bone marrow)
Radicul/o
Spinal nerve root
Encephal/o
Brain
Cerebr/o
Cerebrum
Cortic/o
Cerebral cortex
Cerebell/o
Cerebellum
Thalam/o
Thalamus
Ventricul/o
Cavity, ventricle
Medull/o
Medulla oblongota
Psych/o
Mind
Narc/o
Stupor, unconscious
Somn/o, somn/I
Sleep
-phasia
Speech
-lalia
Speech, babble
-lexia
Reading
-plegia
Paralysis
-paresis
Partial paralysis, weakness
-lepsy
Seizure
-phobia
Persistent, irrational fear
-mania
Excited state, obsession
Carotid endarterectomy
Procedure to open an artery leading to the brain in case of an embolism
Epidural hematoma
Collection of blood between the dura mater and the skull bone
Subdural hematoma
Blood collection between the dura and the arachnoid caused by separation of the two spaces.
Contrecoup injury
Damage to the brain on the side opposite the blow as the skull is thrown.
Shingles
Caused by the varicella-zoster (chickenpox) virus. Causes itching, blistering rash.
Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of excess CSF in the ventricles.
Somnambulism
Sleep walking
Dysthymia
Chronic mood disorder