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PHS Medical Terminology > Chapter 17 - The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - The Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Conducting tissue of the nervous system

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4
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells that support and protect the nervous system

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5
Q

Dendrite

A

Carries impulses toward the cell body

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6
Q

Axon

A

Carries impulses away from the cell body

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7
Q

Myelin

A

Whitish, fatty material that insulates and protects the axon and speeds electrical conduction.

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8
Q

Myelinated

A

Covered axons

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9
Q

Grey matter

A

Unmyelinated tissue.

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10
Q

Sensory or afferent neuron

A

Transmits impulses toward the CNS

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11
Q

Motor or efferent neuron

A

Transmits impulses away from the CNS

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

Connecting cells of the CNS

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13
Q

Synapse

A

Point of contact between two neurons. Energy is passed from one cell to another.

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14
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of cell bodies along the pathway of a nerve

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15
Q

4 parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.

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16
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain. Largely composed of white matter. Thin outer layer of grey matter called the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum. Higher functions of memory, reason, and abstract thought occur here.

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18
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves of the grey matter

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19
Q

Gyri

A

Raised areas of the grey matter

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20
Q

Diencephalon

A

Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland.

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21
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongota

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22
Q

Midbrain

A

Reflex centers for improved vision and hearing

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23
Q

Pons

A

Bulge on the anterior surface of the brainstem. Fibers that connect the brains different regions.

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24
Q

Medulla oblongota

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord. Vital center that controls heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.

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25
Q

Cerebellum

A

Divided into two hemispheres. Controls voluntary muscle movement and maintains posture, balance, and coordination.

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26
Q

Ventricles

A

4 of them that produce cerebral spinal fluid that acts a protective cushion.

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27
Q

Meninges

A

3 protective layers that protect the brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

Dura mater

A

Hard outermost layer of the meninge

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29
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Thin web like middle layer of the meninge

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30
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin, vascular innermost layer attached directly to the brain and spinal cord.

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31
Q

Cranial nerves.

A

12 of them identified by Roman numerals.

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32
Q

Olfactory

A

I. Carries impulses for the sense of smell

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33
Q

Optic

A

II. Carries impulses for the sense of vision.

34
Q

Oculomotor

A

III. Controls movement of the eye muscles

35
Q

Trochlear

A

IV. Controls a muscle of the eyeball

36
Q

Trigeminal

A

V. Carries sensory impulses from the face. Controls chewing muscles.

37
Q

Abducens

A

VI. Controls a muscle of the eyeball.

38
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

VII. Conducts impulses for hearing and equilibrium. Also called auditory or acoustic nerve.

39
Q

Facial

A

VIII. Controls muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, and tear glands. Conducts some impulses for taste

40
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

IX. Conducts sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx. Stimulates parotid salivary gland and partly controls swallowing.

41
Q

Vagus

A

X. Supplies most organs of the thorax and abdomen. Controls digestive secretions.

42
Q

Spinal accessory.

A

XI. Controls muscles of the neck

43
Q

Hypoglossal

A

XII. Controls muscles of the tongue.

44
Q

Cervical

A

8 nerves

45
Q

Thoracic

A

12 nerves

46
Q

Lumbar

A

5 nerves

47
Q

Sacral

A

5 nerves

48
Q

Coccygeal

A

1 nerve

49
Q

Dorsal or posterior root

A

Carries sensory input to the cord

50
Q

Ventral or anterior root

A

Carries impulses away from the cord to glands or muscles.

51
Q

Neur/o, neur/i

A

Nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve

52
Q

Gli/o

A

Neuroglia

53
Q

Gangli/o, ganglion/o

A

Ganglion

54
Q

Mening/o, meninge/o

A

Meninges

55
Q

Myel/o

A

Spinal cord (also bone marrow)

56
Q

Radicul/o

A

Spinal nerve root

57
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

58
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum

59
Q

Cortic/o

A

Cerebral cortex

60
Q

Cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum

61
Q

Thalam/o

A

Thalamus

62
Q

Ventricul/o

A

Cavity, ventricle

63
Q

Medull/o

A

Medulla oblongota

64
Q

Psych/o

A

Mind

65
Q

Narc/o

A

Stupor, unconscious

66
Q

Somn/o, somn/I

A

Sleep

67
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

68
Q

-lalia

A

Speech, babble

69
Q

-lexia

A

Reading

70
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis

71
Q

-paresis

A

Partial paralysis, weakness

72
Q

-lepsy

A

Seizure

73
Q

-phobia

A

Persistent, irrational fear

74
Q

-mania

A

Excited state, obsession

75
Q

Carotid endarterectomy

A

Procedure to open an artery leading to the brain in case of an embolism

76
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Collection of blood between the dura mater and the skull bone

77
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Blood collection between the dura and the arachnoid caused by separation of the two spaces.

78
Q

Contrecoup injury

A

Damage to the brain on the side opposite the blow as the skull is thrown.

79
Q

Shingles

A

Caused by the varicella-zoster (chickenpox) virus. Causes itching, blistering rash.

80
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of excess CSF in the ventricles.

81
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleep walking

82
Q

Dysthymia

A

Chronic mood disorder

PHS Medical Terminology (23 decks)

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