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Biology 2 > Chapter 16 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The roots of most plants are surrounded by a

A

Finely woven web of fungal filaments

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2
Q

An interaction in which one species lives in or on another species

A

Symbiosis

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3
Q

Absorb water and inorganic nutrients and passes them to plant

A

Ultrathin fungal filament

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4
Q

The plant supplies the fungus with

A

Sugars and other organic molecules

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5
Q

A multicellular eukaryote that carries out photosynthesis and has a set of adaptations for living on land

A

Plant

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6
Q

Distinguishes plants from the animal and fungal kingdoms, which are also made up of eukaryotic, multicellular organisms

A

Photosynthesis

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7
Q

Algae are not equipped to obtain the ___ needed for photosynthesis from the air

A

carbon dioxide

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8
Q

the resources that a photosynthetic organism needs are found in two very different places

A

terrestrial habitats

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9
Q

What is mainly available in the air?

A

Light and carbon dioxide

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10
Q

What is found mainly in the soil

A

What’re and mineral nutrients

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11
Q

Subterranean organs called __ anchor the plant in soil and absorb minerals and water from the soil.

A

Roots

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12
Q

Above ground, leaf-bearing ___ carry out photosynthesis.

A

Shoots

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13
Q

symbiotic associations of fungi and roots which enlarge the root’s functional surface area, absorb water and essential minerals from the soil and provide these materials to the plant

A

Mycorrhizae

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14
Q

What nourishes the fungi that is produced by the plant?

A

Sugars

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15
Q

What is a key adaptation for plants to live on land

A

Mycorrhizae

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16
Q

What are the main photosynthetic organs of most plants

A

Leaves

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17
Q

microscopic pores found on a leaf’s surface, for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere

A

Stomata

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18
Q

a waxy layer coating the leaves and other aerial parts of most plants called the ___, for the retention of water

A

Cuticle

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19
Q

a network of tube-shaped cells that branch throughout the plant, for the transport of vital materials between roots and shoots.

A

Vascular tissue

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20
Q

What do the 2 types of vascular tissue do?

A

-transporting water and
minerals from roots to leaves.

-distributes sugars from the leaves to the roots and other nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant

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21
Q

The cell walls of many of the cells in vascular tissue are hardened by a chemical called

A

lignin

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22
Q

Reproductive tissues could easily

A

DRY OUT!!!

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23
Q

The algal ancestors of plants carpeted moist fringes of lakes or coastal salt marshes more than

A

500 million years ago

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24
Q

modern-day lineage of green algae and may resemble one of these early plant ancestors.

A

Charophytes

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25
Q

Plants and present-day charophytes probably evolved from a

A

common ancestor

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26
Q

Age of the oldest plant fossils is

A

470 million years ago

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27
Q

4 Major Periods of plant evolution:

A
    1. Terrestrial
    1. Vascularized
    1. Seeds
    1. Flowering
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28
Q

About 470 million years ago, early diversification gave rise to nonvascular plants called

A

bryophytes

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29
Q

lack lignified walls, true roots, and true leaves

A

bryophytes

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30
Q

Bryophytes include

A

Mosses

Liverworts

Hornworts

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31
Q

About 425 million years ago, ferns and a few other groups of vascular plants evolved with vascular tissue hardened with

A

lignin but without seeds

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32
Q

When did ferns and a few other groups of vascular plants evolved with vascular tissue hardened with lignin but without seeds

A

About 425 million years ago

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33
Q

About 425 million years ago, ferns and a few other groups of vascular plants evolved with ___ but without seeds.

A

vascular tissue hardened with lignin

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34
Q

allowed vascular plants to grow much taller, rising above the ground to achieve significant height.

A

Lignin

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35
Q

About 360 million years ago,___evolved with seeds that

A

gymnosperms

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36
Q

About __ years ago, gymnosperms evolved with seeds

A

360 million

37
Q

consisted of an embryo packaged along with a store of food

A

Gymnosperms that evolved with seeds

38
Q

were packaged within a protective covering, but were not enclosed in any specialized chambers

A

Gymnosperms evolved with no seeds

39
Q

consist mainly of cone-bearing trees such as pines and are the most diverse and widespread gymnosperms

A

Conifers

40
Q

At least 140 million years ago,___ evolved with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds within protective chambers called ovaries.

A

angiosperms

41
Q

About _____ years ago angiosperms evolved with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds within protective chambers called ovaries.

A

140 million years ago

42
Q

evolved with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds within protective chambers called ovaries.

A

Angiosperms

43
Q

Are the great majority of living plants, are represented by more than 250,000 species, and include fruit and vegetable crops, grains and other grasses, most trees.

A

Angiosperms

44
Q

fruit and vegetable crops, grains and other grasses, most trees

A

Angiosperms

45
Q

Mosses, which are

A

Bryophytes

46
Q

Mosses, which are bryophytes, may sprawl as

A

Low mats over acres of land

47
Q

Mosses display two of the key terrestrial adaptations that made the move onto land possible:

A
  1. a waxy cuticle that helps prevent dehydration and

2. the retention of developing embryos within the female plant.

48
Q

Mosses need what to reproduce?

A

Water

49
Q

The green, spongelike plant that is the more obvious

A

Gametophyte

50
Q

The other form of the moss, called a ___, grows out of a gametophyte as a stalk with a capsule at its tip.

A

sporophyte

51
Q

The life cycle of a moss exhibits an alternation of generations, shifting between the _____ and ____ forms

A

gametophyte and sporophyte

52
Q

Moss exhibits a what in its life cycle?

A

Alternation of generation

53
Q

Gametophytes produce gametes that unite to form ___, which develop into new ____.

A

zygotes;

sporophytes

54
Q

Mosses and other bryophytes are unique in having the___ as the larger, more obvious plant.

A

gametophyte

55
Q

___ are by far the most diverse seedless vascular plants

A

Ferns

56
Q

Have a flagella and must swim through a film of water to fertilize eggs

A

Sperm of ferns

57
Q

formed from the remains of long-dead organisms including coal, oil, and natural gas

A

Fossil fuels

58
Q

The burning of fossil fuels releases ____ and other gases that contribute to global climate change.

A

Carbon dioxide

59
Q

The environment turned dry and cold so Gymnosperms

A
  • complete their life cycles on dry land and

- withstand long, harsh winters.

60
Q

The descendants of early gymnosperms include the

A

conifers, or cone-bearing plants

61
Q

cover much of northern Eurasia and North America

A

Conifers

62
Q

evergreens that retain their leaves throughout the year

A

Conifers

63
Q

include the tallest, largest, and oldest organisms on Earth

A

Conifers

64
Q

Lumber for building and wood pulp for paper production

A

Conifers

65
Q

Most gymnosperms have three additional terrestrial adaptations that make survival in diverse terrestrial habitats possible:

A
  1. further reduction of the gametophyte
  2. pollen
  3. seeds
66
Q

A pine tree or other conifer is actually a _____ with tiny ____ living in cones.

A

Sporophyte; gametophytes

67
Q

A second adaptation of seed plants to dry land came with the evolution of __

A

pollen

68
Q

the delivery of this from the male parts of a plant to the female parts of a plant, occurs via wind

A

Pollination

69
Q

The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the

A

Seed

70
Q

The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the seed, consisting of an

A

Embryo

Food supply

A protective coat

71
Q

Seeds develop from ovules, structures that contain the

A

female gametophytes

72
Q

Seeds develop from the

A

Ovules

73
Q

In conifers, the ovules are located on the scales of

A

female cones

74
Q

Seeds can remain ___ for up to years

A

dormant

75
Q

Under favorable conditions, the seed can then ____, and its embryo emerges through the ___ as a seedling.

A

germinate, or sprout

seed coat

76
Q

Angiosperms now dominate the landscape and their successes are

A

Highly modified vascular tissue

Flowering plants

77
Q

Flowers are the site of

A

procreation

78
Q

Angiosperms that rely on

A

wind pollination

79
Q

small flowers and Reproductive energy goes into making lots of pollen

A

Angiosperms aand wind pollen

80
Q

are heterotrophs and acquire their nutrients by absorption.

A

Fungi

81
Q

• Fungi are heterotrophs and acquire their nutrients by ___.

A

absorption

82
Q

A fungus digests food outside its body by secreting powerful ——into the food that decompose ——— to simpler compounds that the fungus can absorb.

A

digestive enzymes

complex molecules

83
Q

The bodies of most fungi are constructed of threadlike filaments called

A

hyphae

84
Q

are minute threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane

A

Fungal hyphae

85
Q

Cell walls usually composed of ____, a strong but flexible polysaccharide that is also found in the external skeletons of insects.

A

Chitin

86
Q

chitin is strong but flexible _____ that is also found in the external skeletons of insects.

A

Polysaccharide

87
Q

Hyphae branch repeatedly, forming an interwoven network called

A

mycelium

88
Q

the feeding structure of the fungus

A

Mycelium

Biology 2 (17 decks)

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