Chapter 16 Exam 2 Flashcards
The roots of most plants are surrounded by a
Finely woven web of fungal filaments
An interaction in which one species lives in or on another species
Symbiosis
Absorb water and inorganic nutrients and passes them to plant
Ultrathin fungal filament
The plant supplies the fungus with
Sugars and other organic molecules
A multicellular eukaryote that carries out photosynthesis and has a set of adaptations for living on land
Plant
Distinguishes plants from the animal and fungal kingdoms, which are also made up of eukaryotic, multicellular organisms
Photosynthesis
Algae are not equipped to obtain the ___ needed for photosynthesis from the air
carbon dioxide
the resources that a photosynthetic organism needs are found in two very different places
terrestrial habitats
What is mainly available in the air?
Light and carbon dioxide
What is found mainly in the soil
What’re and mineral nutrients
Subterranean organs called __ anchor the plant in soil and absorb minerals and water from the soil.
Roots
Above ground, leaf-bearing ___ carry out photosynthesis.
Shoots
symbiotic associations of fungi and roots which enlarge the root’s functional surface area, absorb water and essential minerals from the soil and provide these materials to the plant
Mycorrhizae
What nourishes the fungi that is produced by the plant?
Sugars
What is a key adaptation for plants to live on land
Mycorrhizae
What are the main photosynthetic organs of most plants
Leaves
microscopic pores found on a leaf’s surface, for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere
Stomata
a waxy layer coating the leaves and other aerial parts of most plants called the ___, for the retention of water
Cuticle
a network of tube-shaped cells that branch throughout the plant, for the transport of vital materials between roots and shoots.
Vascular tissue
What do the 2 types of vascular tissue do?
-transporting water and
minerals from roots to leaves.
-distributes sugars from the leaves to the roots and other nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant
The cell walls of many of the cells in vascular tissue are hardened by a chemical called
lignin
Reproductive tissues could easily
DRY OUT!!!
The algal ancestors of plants carpeted moist fringes of lakes or coastal salt marshes more than
500 million years ago
modern-day lineage of green algae and may resemble one of these early plant ancestors.
Charophytes
Plants and present-day charophytes probably evolved from a
common ancestor
Age of the oldest plant fossils is
470 million years ago
4 Major Periods of plant evolution:
- Terrestrial
- Vascularized
- Seeds
- Flowering
About 470 million years ago, early diversification gave rise to nonvascular plants called
bryophytes
lack lignified walls, true roots, and true leaves
bryophytes
Bryophytes include
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts
About 425 million years ago, ferns and a few other groups of vascular plants evolved with vascular tissue hardened with
lignin but without seeds
When did ferns and a few other groups of vascular plants evolved with vascular tissue hardened with lignin but without seeds
About 425 million years ago
About 425 million years ago, ferns and a few other groups of vascular plants evolved with ___ but without seeds.
vascular tissue hardened with lignin
allowed vascular plants to grow much taller, rising above the ground to achieve significant height.
Lignin
About 360 million years ago,___evolved with seeds that
gymnosperms
About __ years ago, gymnosperms evolved with seeds
360 million
consisted of an embryo packaged along with a store of food
Gymnosperms that evolved with seeds
were packaged within a protective covering, but were not enclosed in any specialized chambers
Gymnosperms evolved with no seeds
consist mainly of cone-bearing trees such as pines and are the most diverse and widespread gymnosperms
Conifers
At least 140 million years ago,___ evolved with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds within protective chambers called ovaries.
angiosperms
About _____ years ago angiosperms evolved with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds within protective chambers called ovaries.
140 million years ago
evolved with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds within protective chambers called ovaries.
Angiosperms
Are the great majority of living plants, are represented by more than 250,000 species, and include fruit and vegetable crops, grains and other grasses, most trees.
Angiosperms
fruit and vegetable crops, grains and other grasses, most trees
Angiosperms
Mosses, which are
Bryophytes
Mosses, which are bryophytes, may sprawl as
Low mats over acres of land
Mosses display two of the key terrestrial adaptations that made the move onto land possible:
- a waxy cuticle that helps prevent dehydration and
2. the retention of developing embryos within the female plant.
Mosses need what to reproduce?
Water
The green, spongelike plant that is the more obvious
Gametophyte
The other form of the moss, called a ___, grows out of a gametophyte as a stalk with a capsule at its tip.
sporophyte
The life cycle of a moss exhibits an alternation of generations, shifting between the _____ and ____ forms
gametophyte and sporophyte
Moss exhibits a what in its life cycle?
Alternation of generation
Gametophytes produce gametes that unite to form ___, which develop into new ____.
zygotes;
sporophytes
Mosses and other bryophytes are unique in having the___ as the larger, more obvious plant.
gametophyte
___ are by far the most diverse seedless vascular plants
Ferns
Have a flagella and must swim through a film of water to fertilize eggs
Sperm of ferns
formed from the remains of long-dead organisms including coal, oil, and natural gas
Fossil fuels
The burning of fossil fuels releases ____ and other gases that contribute to global climate change.
Carbon dioxide
The environment turned dry and cold so Gymnosperms
- complete their life cycles on dry land and
- withstand long, harsh winters.
The descendants of early gymnosperms include the
conifers, or cone-bearing plants
cover much of northern Eurasia and North America
Conifers
evergreens that retain their leaves throughout the year
Conifers
include the tallest, largest, and oldest organisms on Earth
Conifers
Lumber for building and wood pulp for paper production
Conifers
Most gymnosperms have three additional terrestrial adaptations that make survival in diverse terrestrial habitats possible:
- further reduction of the gametophyte
- pollen
- seeds
A pine tree or other conifer is actually a _____ with tiny ____ living in cones.
Sporophyte; gametophytes
A second adaptation of seed plants to dry land came with the evolution of __
pollen
the delivery of this from the male parts of a plant to the female parts of a plant, occurs via wind
Pollination
The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the
Seed
The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the seed, consisting of an
Embryo
Food supply
A protective coat
Seeds develop from ovules, structures that contain the
female gametophytes
Seeds develop from the
Ovules
In conifers, the ovules are located on the scales of
female cones
Seeds can remain ___ for up to years
dormant
Under favorable conditions, the seed can then ____, and its embryo emerges through the ___ as a seedling.
germinate, or sprout
seed coat
Angiosperms now dominate the landscape and their successes are
Highly modified vascular tissue
Flowering plants
Flowers are the site of
procreation
Angiosperms that rely on
wind pollination
small flowers and Reproductive energy goes into making lots of pollen
Angiosperms aand wind pollen
are heterotrophs and acquire their nutrients by absorption.
Fungi
• Fungi are heterotrophs and acquire their nutrients by ___.
absorption
A fungus digests food outside its body by secreting powerful ——into the food that decompose ——— to simpler compounds that the fungus can absorb.
digestive enzymes
complex molecules
The bodies of most fungi are constructed of threadlike filaments called
hyphae
are minute threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane
Fungal hyphae
Cell walls usually composed of ____, a strong but flexible polysaccharide that is also found in the external skeletons of insects.
Chitin
chitin is strong but flexible _____ that is also found in the external skeletons of insects.
Polysaccharide
Hyphae branch repeatedly, forming an interwoven network called
mycelium
the feeding structure of the fungus
Mycelium
