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Biology 2 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The diversity of life is evolved through

A

Speciation

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2
Q

The process in which one species splits into two or more species

A

Speciation

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3
Q

_____ is a Latin word meaning kind or appearance

A

Species

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4
Q

Defines a species as a group of “populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring (offspring that can reproduce)”

A

Biological species concept

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5
Q

populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring (offspring that can reproduce)

A

Species

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6
Q
  • measurable physical traits
  • molecular data
  • small group of individuals sharing a common ancestor
A

How Biologists define species

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7
Q

Things that prevent closely related species from breeding

A

Reproductive barriers

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8
Q

This is in place so members of different species cannot successfully reproduce (have high fitness)

A

Reproductive barriers

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9
Q
  • temporal isolation
  • habitat isolation
  • behavioral isolation
A

Prezygotic barriers

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10
Q
  • mechanical isolation

- gamete isolation

A

Mating attempt

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11
Q

To prevent mating or fertilization between species

A

Prezygotic barriers

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12
Q

Species that mate at different times

A

Temporal isolations

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13
Q

Species that are most likely not going to mate because of different habitats

A

Habitat isolation

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14
Q

Mating or fertilization occurs at different seasons or times of day

A

Temporal isolation

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15
Q

Little or no sexual attraction exist between populations. Such as odor, coloration, or courtship ritual, can also function as reproductive barriers

A

Behavioral isolation

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16
Q

Structural differences prevent fertilization. The egg producing and sperm producing parts of different species are anatomically incompatible

A

Mechanical isolation

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17
Q

Female and make gametes fail to untie in fertilization. (Don’t fuse)

A

Gametic isolation

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18
Q

This operates if interspecies mating occurs in hybrid zygotes form

A

Postzygotic Barriers

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19
Q

Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or failed to reach sexual maturity

A

Reduced Hybrid Viability

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20
Q

Hybrids failed to produce functional gametes

A

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

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21
Q

Hybrids are feeble or sterile. Different species of cotton plants can produce fertile hybrids, but the offspring of the hybrids do not survive.

A

Hybrid breakdown

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22
Q

A key event in the origin of a species occurs when a ___ from other populations of the ___

A

Population is somehow cut off; parent species

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23
Q

In which the initial block to gene pool is a geographic barrier that physically isolate the splinter population

A

Allopatric speciation

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24
Q

The origin of new species without geographic isolation

A

Sympatric speciation

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25
Q

“Different country”

A

Allopatric speciation

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26
Q

“Same country”

A

Sympatric speciation

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27
Q

This process can fragment a population into two or more isolated populations and contribute to all allopatric speciation

A

Geologic processes

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28
Q

Speciation occurs with the evolution of reproductive barriers between the isolated population and its parent population

A

Allopatric Speciation

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29
Q

Even if the two populations should come back into contact at some later time, ____

A

The reproductive barriers will keep them as separate species

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30
Q

In allopatric speciation occurs with the evolution of reproductive barriers between ____ and ____

A

Isolated population and it’s parent population

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31
Q

A species may originate from an accident during cell division that results in an extra set of chromosomes

A

Polyploidy

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32
Q

Has been found in some animal species especially fish and amphibians, most common in plants

A

Polyploid speciation

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33
Q

Is most common in plants- majority of present day plant species are descended from ancestors that arose by

A

Polyploid speciation

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34
Q

Two distinct forms of polyploidy have been observed

A
  1. Polyploidy occurs leading to new species in overlapping geographic location
  2. Two different species might interbreed and produce hybrid offspring
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35
Q 
Oats 
Potatoes 
Bananas
Strawberries
Peanuts
Apples
Sugarcane
Wheat
A

Polyploids

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36
Q

One of the worlds greatest showcases of speciation

A

Galápagos Islands

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37
Q

Researchers have documented at least two dozen cases in which populations are currently diverging as they

A
  • use different food resources or

- breed in different habitats

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38
Q

Much of the evidence for evolution comes from the

A

Fossil record

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39
Q

In one survey of 84 groups of plants and animals the time for __

A

Speciation ranges from 4,000 to 40 million years

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40
Q

Evolutionary change above the species level.

Includes the impact of mass extinctions on the diversity of life and it’s subsequent recovery

A

Macroevolution

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41
Q

An understanding of ____begins with a look at the span of geologic time over which life’s diversity has evolved

A

Macroevolution

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42
Q

The sequence in which fossils appear in rock strata and an archive of macroevolution

A

Fossil record

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43
Q

This divides earths history into a consistent sequence of geologic periods

A

Geologic time scale

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44
Q

A method based on the decay of radioactive isotopes

A

Radiometric dating

45
Q

The most common method geologists use to learn the age of rocks and the fossils they contain

A

Radiometric dating

46
Q

The continents and seafloors form a thin putter layer of solid rock

47
Q

The continents and seafloors form a thin putter layer of solid rock, called crust, divided into giant irregularly shaped plates that ___, a mass of hot, viscous material

A

Float atop the mantle

48
Q

The theory that states that continents and seafloors form a thin putter layer of solid rock, called crust, divided into giant irregularly shaped plates that float atop the mantle, a mass of hot, viscous material

A

Plate Tectonics

49
Q

Mantle movement causes the plate to move, the boundaries of some plates are hotspots of geologic activity, earthquakes signal that two plates are scraping past or colliding with eachother

A

Continental drift

50
Q

Continental drift has had an impact on the evolution of life’s diversity by

A
  • reshaping the physical features of the planet and

- altering the environments in which organisms live

51
Q

Plate movements formed the supercontinent

52
Q

About 250 million years ago ,

A
  • the total amount of shoreline was reduced
  • ocean basins increases in depth
  • sea levels dropped
  • many extinctions occurred
  • Pangaea
53
Q

When did the second dramatic chapter in the history of continental begin?

A

Mid-Mesozoic era

54
Q

The history of continental mergers and separations explains many patterns of

A

Biogeography

55
Q

The study of the past and present distribution of organisms

A

Biogeography

56
Q

What separated Australia from other land masses?

A

Continental drift

57
Q

Australia and its neighboring islands are home to more than _____, most of which are found nowhere else in the world

A

200 species of marsupials

58
Q

The fossil record reveals that there has been how many mass extinctions over the 540 million years

59
Q

This mass extinction occurred 250 million years ago, occurred when Pangaea formed, had ill effects on many life forms

A

Permian mass extinction

60
Q

This extinction happened 65 million years ago, occurred at the end of this period, included the extinction of all the dinosaurs except birds, permitted an explosive increase in diversity of mammals

A

Cretaceous extinction

61
Q

Thousands of fossils of ____ have been found and classified into more than 30 species

A

Feathered dinosaurs

62
Q

The feathers seen in these fossils of the Archaeopteryx ____ nor would their reptilian anatomy have been suited to flying

A

Could not have been used for flight

63
Q

Archaeopteryx first utility for its wings may have been for

A

Insulation

64
Q

Structures such as feathers that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function

A

Exaptations

65
Q

The evolution of complex eyes can be traced from a simple ancestral ___ through a series of ___ that benefitted their owners at each stage

A

Patch of photoreceptors cells

Incremental modifications

66
Q

Includes Taxonomy and focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

67
Q

What two things do Systematics focus on?

A
  • classifying organisms

- evolutionary relationships

68
Q

Biologists use this to depict hypothesis about the evolutionary history of species and reflect the hierarchical classification of groups nested within more inclusive groups

A

Phylogenetic trees

69
Q

Researchers have identified two species of wild grasses that may be maize’s closest living relatives by

A

Constructing a phylogeny of maize

70
Q

The genomes of these wild grasses may harbor alleles that offer

A

Disease resistance

or other useful traits

71
Q

How can the genomes of these plants that harbor alleles that offer disease resistant and other useful traits help us?

A

By generating better more healthy crops

72
Q

Different in species, may vary in form and function but exhibit fundamental similarities because they evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor

A

Homologous structures

73
Q

One of the best sources of information for phylogenetic relationships

A

Homologous structures

74
Q

Involves superficially similar structures from different evolutionary branches that result from natural selection shaping analogous adaptations

A

Convergent evolution

75
Q

Similarity due to convergence

76
Q

Comparing the __ of two species can often reveal homology that is not apparent in the mature structures

A

Embryonic development

77
Q

What reflects common ancestry ?

78
Q

If homology reflects common ancestry, then comparing DNA sequences of organisms gets to the heart of their

A

Evolutionary relationships

79
Q

The more recently two species have branched from a common ancestor, the ____ should be

A

More similar their DNA sequences should be

80
Q

Organisms are grouped by common ancestry

A

Cladistics

81
Q

Consists of an ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants

82
Q

forms a distinct branch in the tree of life

83
Q

This helps us identify classification schemes for organisms

84
Q

Based on the Darwinian concept of “descent with modification from a common ancestor”

A

Cladistics

85
Q

To identify clades, scientists compare an ___ with an___

A

Ingroup with an outgroup

86
Q

The group of species that is actually being analyzed

87
Q

A species or group of species known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group being studied

88
Q

Biologists traditionally placed birds and reptiles in separate classes of vertebrates. An inventory of homologies indicates that

A

Birds and crocodiles make up one clade

Lizards and snakes form another

89
Q

Phylogenetic trees are ____ about evolutionary history

A

Hypotheses

90
Q

Linnaeus divides all known forms of life between the

A

Plant and animal kingdoms

91
Q

In the mid 1900s the two kingdom system was replaced by a five kingdom system that

A
  • placed all prokaryotes in one kingdom

- divided the eukaryotes amount four other kingdoms

92
Q

In the late 1900s the molecular and cladistics led to the development of a

A

Three domain system

93
Q

What does the three domain system recognize?

A
  • two domains of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

- one domain of eukaryotes (eukarya)

94
Q

Mass extinctions were followed by a period of

A

Evolutionary change

95
Q

New species arose as survivors became adapted to occupy ___ or to fill ___

A

To occupy new habitats or

to fill community roles vacated by extinctions

96
Q

Through the process of evolution by natural selection, this pattern of ___ and ___ is repeated throughout history of life on earth

A

Death and renewal

97
Q
  • temporal isolation
  • habitat isolation
  • behavioral isolation
  • mechanical isolation
  • gametic isolation
A

Prezygotic barriers

98
Q
  • reduced hybrid viability
  • reduced hybrid fertility
  • hybrid breakdown
A

Postzygotic barriers

99
Q

Occurs after geographic isolation

A

Allopatric speciation

100
Q

Occurs without geographic isolation

A

Sympatric speciation

101
Q

Biological species consists of groups of

A

Populations

102
Q

Speciation requires

A

Genetic isolation

103
Q

The study of the past and present distribution of organisms

A

Biogeography

104
Q

Molecular systematics examine all the following types of data (3)

A
  • proteins
  • DNA sequences
  • amino acid sequences
105
Q

Ancestral species and all it’s evolutionary descendants define

106
Q

The strongest piece of evidence for why some scientists believe that we are the start of the sixth mass extinction

A

Decrease in biodiversity

107
Q

An approach based on measurable physical traits is good for classifying what

A

Fossil organisms

108
Q

Our current geological era is called

109
Q

A period of mass extinction is often followed by

A

Explosive diversification

Biology 2 (17 decks)

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