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Biology 2 > Chapter 15 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Earth was formed about ____ years ago

A

4.6 billion years ago

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2
Q

Having cells that lack true nuclei

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Prokaryotes evolved by about

A

3.5 billion years

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4
Q

Prokaryotes began oxygen production about 2.7 billion years ago as a result of ______ by _____ prokaryotes

A

Photosynthesis ; autotrophic

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5
Q

Composed of one or more cells that contain nuclei anf many other membrane bound organelles absent in prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

Eukaryotes first evolved from the

A

Prokaryotic community

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7
Q

A host cell containing even smaller prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotic community

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8
Q

Descendants of smaller prokaryotes

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

Are descendants of smaller prokaryotes of plants and algae

A

Chloroplasts

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10
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes first evolved at least

A

1.2 billion years ago

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11
Q

About 540 million years ago, resulted in the evolution of all major animal body plans and all major groups

A

Cambrian explosion

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12
Q

About ____ years ago plants, fungi, and insects began to colonize the land

A

500 million

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13
Q

____ years ago, flowering plants, birds, and even mammals, including primates, began to dominate the landscape and this is when

A

65 million years ago and this is when dinosaurs went extinct

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14
Q

The origin of humans occurred

A

195,000

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15
Q

The earth of 4 billion years was still a

A

Violent turmoil

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16
Q

Volcanic eruptions belched gases into the atmosphere such as

A

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Ammonia

Other nitrogen compounds

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17
Q

Life comes from the interaction of

A

Chemicals and molecules

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18
Q

To learn how life originated from non living substances, biologists draw on research from the fields of

A

Chemistry

Geology

Physics

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19
Q

The structures and functions of life depend on more complex organic molecules such as

A

Sugars

Fatty acid

Amino acid

Nucleotides

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20
Q

I’m 1953, ____ devised an apparatus to stimulate conditions thought to prevail on early earth

A

Stanley Miller

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21
Q

Prokaryotes are

A

Unicellular

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22
Q

Scientists are testing other hypothesis for the organic molecules on earth including the hypothesis that life may have begun in

A

Submerged volcanoes or deep sea hydrothermal vents

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23
Q

Scientists are testing other hypothesis for the organic molecules on earth including the hypothesis that life may have begun in

A

Meteorites were the sources of Earth’s first organic molecules

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24
Q

The community of microorganisms that live in our bodies which help to supply vitamins, extract nutrition from food, decompose dead skin cells, guard against disease causing intruders

A

Microbiota

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25
Q

Prokaryotes also form our

A

Microbiota

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26
Q

Help decompose dead organisms and other waste materials returning vital chemical elemental such as nitrogen to the environment

A

Prokaryotes

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27
Q

Lack a membrane enclose nucleus

A

Prokaryotic cells

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28
Q

Lack other membrane enclose organelles

A

Prokaryotic

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29
Q

Typically have cell walls exterior to their plasma membranes and display range of diversity

A

Prokaryotic

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30
Q

Three most common shapes of prokaryotes

A

Cocci

Bacilli

Spiral

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31
Q

In many natural environments, prokaryotes attach to surfaces in a highly organized colony

A

Biofilm

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32
Q

May consist of one or several species of prokaryotes

A

Biofilm

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33
Q

May include protists and fungi

A

Biofilm

34
Q

Can show a division of labor and defense against invaders

A

Biofilm

35
Q

Prokaryotics can form on almost any type of surface including

A

Rocks

Metal

Plastic

Organic material including teeth

36
Q

Many prokaryotes can reproduce by dividing in half by

A

Binary fission

37
Q

Many prokaryotes can reproduce at ____ if conditions are favorable

A

At very high rates

38
Q

Environments are usually limiting in resources such as

A

Food and space

39
Q

Also produce metabolic waste products that may eventually pollute the colony’s environment

A

Prokaryotes

40
Q

The metabolic talents of prokaryotes make them excellent symbolic partners with

A

Animals

Plants

Fungi

41
Q

a close association between organisms of 2 or more species

A

Symbiosis

42
Q

“Living together”

A

Symbiosis

43
Q

Prokaryotes can also promote the breakdown of

A

Organic waste and dead organisms

44
Q

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, or soil

A

Bioremediation

45
Q

The use of prokaryotic decomposers to treat our sewage

A

Bioremediation

46
Q

Has become an important tool for cleaning up toxic chemicals released into the soil and water by industrial processes

A

Bioremediation

47
Q

Naturally occurring prokaryotes capable of degrading pollutants such as

A

Oil

Solvents

Pesticides

48
Q

Naturally occurring prokaryotes capable of degrading pollutants such as oil, solvents, and pesticides are often present in

A

Contaminated soil

49
Q

By comparing diverse prokaryotes at the molecular level, biologists have identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution called

A

Bacteria and archaea

50
Q

Life is organized into three domains

A

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

51
Q

Abundant in many habitats including places where few other organisms can survive

A

Archaea

52
Q

One group of archaea live in very hot water

A

Thermophiles

53
Q

One group of archaea thrives in such environments such as
Utah’s Great Salt Lake
Dead Sea
Seawater evaporating ponds used to produce salt

A

Halophiles

54
Q

“Salt lovers”

A

Halophiles

55
Q

One group of archaea live in anaerobic (oxygen free) environments and give off methane as a waste product

A

Methanogens

56
Q

Abundant in the mud at the bottom of lakes and swamps

A

Methanogens

57
Q

Many municipalities collect this methane and use it as a source of energy

A

Methanogens

58
Q

Great numbers of methanogens also inhabit the digestive tracts of animals

A

Methanogens

59
Q

Bacteria and other organisms that cause disease

A

Pathogens

60
Q

Most pathogenic bacteria cause disease by producing

A

Poison

61
Q

Proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment

A

Exotoxins

62
Q

Exotoxins are proteins that bacterial cells ___ into their environment

A

Secrete

63
Q

Chemical components of the outer membrane of certain bacteria

A

Endotoxins

64
Q

Generally the most effective way to prevent bacterial disease

A

Sanitation

65
Q

Researchers speculate that in some aspects of food processing might be involved in our

A

Intestinal microbes

66
Q

___ of an obese person would increase the amount of body fat in mice

A

Intestinal microbiota

67
Q

The fossil record indicated that the first eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes around

A

2 billion years ago

68
Q

These primal eukaryotes were ancestral to all other eukaryotes

A

Plants

Fungi

Animals

69
Q

A common inhabitants of pond water can change its mode of nutrition, depending on availability of light and nutrients

A

Euglena

70
Q

This protists is capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy

A

Mixtrophs

71
Q

Protists that live primarily by ingesting food

A

Protozoans

72
Q

Protozoans with flagella

A

Flagellates

73
Q

Typically living nonparasitic but some are nasty parasites such as Giardia, a common westborne parasite that causes severe diaherria

A

Protozoans with flagellates

74
Q

Great flexibility in their body shape

A

Amoebas

75
Q

The absence of permanent organelles for locomotion

A

Amoebas

76
Q

Most species move and feed by means of ____, temporary extensions of the cell

A

Pseudopodia

77
Q

Other Protozoans with pseudopodia include ___, which have shells

A

Forams

78
Q

Provide movement of the protist and sweep food into the protist’s mouth

A

Ciliates (cilia)

hair like

79
Q

Mostly freelivinh (nonparasitic) such as the freshwater ciliate

A

Paramecium

80
Q

Includes heterotrophs and mixtrophs

A

Paramecium

81
Q

Named for their grass green chloroplasts

A

Green algae

82
Q

A hollow ball of flagellated cells that are very similar to certain unicellular green algae

A

Volvox

Biology 2 (17 decks)

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