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Biology 2 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An explanation for how Earth became populated with this abundance of diversity

A

Theory of Evolution

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2
Q

The ________ plays a powerful role in evolution

A

Environment

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3
Q

Is the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species

A

Taxonomy

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4
Q

A method of naming species and a hierarchical classification species into broader groups of organisms

A

Linnaean System

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5
Q

In the Linnaean System, each species is given a two part Latinized name, or

A

Bionomial

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6
Q

The first part of a binomial is the ____; A group of closely related species

A

Genus

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7
Q

The second part of binomial is used to distingush species with a genus

A

Bionomial Nonenclature

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8
Q

Solve the problem of ambiguty of common names

A

Linnaean Bionomial

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9
Q 
Did 
King
Phillp
Come
Over
For
Great
Spagetti
A 
Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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10
Q

Charles Darwins best known book is called

A

On the Orgin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

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11
Q

Greek Philosopher says that species are fixed.

A

Aristotle

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12
Q

Species were created the way thet are

A

Judeo-Christain culture

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13
Q

Stunning discoveries in the early 1800s, including fossilize skeletons of gigantic sea creature dubbed an ichthyosaur, or fish lizard convince many naturalist that _______

A

Extinctions had occurred

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14
Q

In the early 1800s, French naturalist suggested that the best exclamation for these observations is that life evolves

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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15
Q

A better predictor of relationships among organisms than similarity of environment

A

Geographic Proximity

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16
Q

The plants and animals living in timber regions of south America more closely resembled species living in tropical regions of that continent than species living in similar temperate regions of Europe

A

Geographic Proximity

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17
Q

Darwin proposed a scientific mechanism for how life evolves

A

Natural Selection

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18
Q

Individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce then are individuals with other traits

A

Natural Selection

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19
Q

The descendants of a remote ancestor spread into various habitats over millions and millions of years, natural selection resulted in diverse modifications or ______, That fit them into specific ways of life in their environment

A

Evolutionary adaptations

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20
Q

A British naturalist doing fieldwork in Indonesia conceived a hypothesis almost identical to Darwins

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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21
Q

What two proposals that Darwin make in his book

A
  1. Existing species descended from ancestral species

2. Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution

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22
Q

Theory of Evolution (2 things about ancestry)

A
  1. Living are descendants from ancestral species

2. Newer species Or somehow modified from the ancestral form

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23
Q

This type of evolution left evidence such as fossils and in today’s organisms

A

Biological Evolution

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24
Q

Leave an empty mold

A

Cast

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25
Q

Fossilized feces

A

Corprolites

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26
Q

Fossil forms (3)

A

Casts
Imprints
Coprolites

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27
Q

Fossils that (Layers of Ground) are on top

A

Younger Strata

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28
Q

Fossils that are on the bottom or deeper

A

Older strata

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29
Q

Fossils that show a combination of traits is called

A

Transitional forms

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30
Q

Similarity resulting from common ancestry

A

Homology

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31
Q

Characteristics present and ab ancestral organism are altered overtime by natural selection as its descendants face different ________

A

Environmental conditions

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32
Q

As a result related species can have characteristics that have an _____

A

Underlying similarity yet function differently

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33
Q

Darwin cited the anatomical similarities to say organisms had_____

A

Common ancestry

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34
Q

Biologists call such anatomical similarities in different organisms ________

A

Homologous structures

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35
Q

Features that have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry

A

Homologous structures

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36
Q

The study of molecular basis of genes and gene expression

Provides a much deeper understanding of homologies

A

Molecular biology

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37
Q

Common ancestor

A

Homologous genes

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38
Q

Distant common ancestor

A

Less homologous genes

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39
Q

Provide strong evidence that all life forms are related

A

Molecular biology

40
Q

Some of these genes are silenced in common ancestors.

Many animals can convert glucose to vitamin c whereas humans can’t die to a section of genetic code being turned off

A

Hidden molecular homologies

41
Q

Remnants of features that served important functions in an organism’s ancestors but no longer serve an important function.

A

Vestigial structures

42
Q

Homology can also explain observations about _______

A

Embryonic development

43
Q

Some homologous characters are shared by all species because they date to the deep ancestral past

A

Genetic code

44
Q

Hypotheses reflecting our current understanding of patterns of evolutionary descent

A

Evolutionary trees

45
Q

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in the offspring

A

Artificial selection

46
Q

Artificial selection has two essential components

A
  1. Variation (among individuals)

2. Heritability (the transmission of a trait from parent to offspring)

47
Q

Human disease, famine, and war were the consequences of human populations increasing faster than food supplies and other resources

A

Thomas Malthus

48
Q

Idea of populations:

  • The resources are limited
  • The production of more individuals then the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence
  • only some offspring survive in each generation
A

Thomas Malthus

49
Q

Individuals whose traits better enable them to obtain food, escape predators, Or tolerate physical conditions will survive and reproduce more successfully, passing these adaptive traits to their offspring’s

A

Natural Selection

50
Q

Acquired Characteristics of an individual cannot be passed down; natural selection amplified or diminishes this

A

Heritable traits

51
Q

Who answered these questions that Darwin had?

How the variations are the raw material for natural selection arise in a population?

How these variations are passed along from parent to offspring

A

Gregor Mendel

52
Q

Alleles originate by

A

Mutation

53
Q

_____ is the ultimate source of the genetic variation that serves as raw material for evolution

A

Mutation

54
Q

Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can be passed to offspring and affect a population’s genetic variability

A

Multicellular organisms

55
Q

Mutations have quick noticeable effects as generations of organisms come about an hours

A

Prokaryotes

56
Q

Fresh assortments of existing alleles arise every generation from three random components of sexual reproduction:

A
  1. Independent orientation of homologous chromosomes at metaphase 1 of meiosis
  2. Crossing over
  3. Random fertilization
57
Q

The evolutionary impact of natural selection is only apparent in the ____ of organisms overtime

A

Changes of population

58
Q

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed

A

Population

59
Q
  • at the population level biologist focus on this
  • all copies of every type of allele (variant forms of genes
  • at every locus (position on chromosome)
  • in all members of the population
A

Gene pool

60
Q

the population must not be evolving (for instance mutations) in order for it to work
Gene pool stable= not evolving

A

Hardy Weinsburg formula

61
Q

What is Hardy Weinsburg formula used for?

A

To calculate the frequencies of genotypes in a gene pool from the frequencies of allies

62
Q

To calculate the frequencies of genotypes in a gene pool from the frequencies of allies

A

Hardy Weinsburg formula

63
Q

a recessive allele that prevents the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine

Occurs in about one out of every 10,000 babies born in US

A

PKU

64
Q

A non evolving population, in which the gene pool remains constant from generation to generation and the frequencies of alleles

A

Hardy Weinsburg equilibrium

65
Q

A generation to generation change in allele frequencies of a population is evolution viewed on the smallest scale

A

Microevolution

66
Q

A change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance

A

Genetic drift

67
Q
  • Example of genetic drift
  • decreases the overall genetic variability in a population because at least some alleles are lost from the gene pool and results in a loss of individual variation and hence adaptability
A

The Bottleneck Effect

68
Q

During the 1800s when farmers hunted the animals to near extinction is an example of

A

The Bottleneck Effect

69
Q
  • When a few individuals colonize an isolated habitat

- represents genetic drift in a new colony

A

Founder Effect

70
Q

Explains a relatively high frequency of certain inherited disorders in some small human populations

A

Founder Effect

71
Q

Genetic exchange with another population

A

Gene flow

72
Q

Only natural selection consistently leads to

A

Adaptive evolution

73
Q

Evolution that results in a better fit (organisms with greater fitness) between organisms and their environments

A

Adaptive evolution

74
Q

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to contributions of other individuals

A

Relative fitness

75
Q

Shifts the overall makeup of a population by selecting in favor of one extreme phenotype

A

Directional Selection

76
Q

Can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting phenotypic forms in a population

A

Disruptive Selection

77
Q

Favors intermediate phenotypes which occur in relatively stable environments and is the most common

A

Stabilizing Selection

78
Q

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are most likely than other individuals to obtain mates

A

Sexual Selection

79
Q

A distinction in appearance between males and females not directly associated with reproduction or survival

A

Sexual Dimorphism

80
Q

The processes of ____ and _____generate variation, and _____ produces adaptation to the environment.

A

Mutation;
Sexual Reproduction;
Natural Selection

81
Q

Each of us is part of the ongoing evolution of the human species. What would have the greatest impact on the future biological evolution of the human population?

A

A mutation occurs in one of your sperm or egg cells

82
Q

“Differential success in reproduction associated with different inherited traits” is just another way of saying ____

A

Natural Selection

83
Q

All known organisms translate genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. Hypothesis?

A

All organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

84
Q

Who had the first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation?

A

Lamarck

85
Q

Anatomical similarities in different organisms are known as

A

Homologous structures

86
Q

Which scientist helped Darwin in believing that evolution could have taken place as this scientist believed in an “ancient earth” rather than an earth that was more recently derived.

A

Lyell

87
Q

As a mechanism of evolution, natural Selection can be most closely equates with

A

Unequal reproductive success

88
Q

Gene flow is accomplished by

A

Migration

89
Q

A challenge to traditional (pre 1860s) ideas about species came from embryology, where it was discovered that

A

Embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble eachother

90
Q

What lead paleontologist to hypothesize that whales have evolved from wolf like carnivores?

A

Fossil teeth

91
Q

Homology is evidence of

A

Common ancestry

92
Q

Individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates. The choice is often based on the showy appearance of behavior of the male

A

Mate choice

93
Q

Natural Selection generally results in a population that is

A

Adapted to its CURRENT environment

94
Q

Why did dark colored rock pocket mice first appear in population of light colored rock pocket mice??

A

Genetic mutation that affects the fur color

95
Q

Mutations are always

A

A change in an individuals DNA

Biology 2 (17 decks)

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