Chapter 16 Flashcards
Exam 2
Philosophy of Learning Organizations #1
The learning organization (LO): What does it promote?
The learning organization (LO) promotes a shared vision and collective learning in order to create positive and needed organizational change.
Philosophy of Learning Organizations #1
What does collective learning do? Who gains from it?
Collective learning goes beyond the boundaries of individual learning and releases gains for both the individual and the organization.
Philosophy of Learning Organizations #2
What is a premise of the learning organization?
A premise of the learning organization is that learning itself enhances the team.
Philosophy of Learning Organizations #2
What is a common feature of learning organizations?
A common feature of learning organizations is their tolerance for mistakes as an inevitable part of the learning process
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
What does it include?
Systems thinking
Personal mastery
Team learning
Mental models
Shared vision
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
What does his model recognize?
Senge’s Model of LO’s - Recognizing that mistakes are an inevitable part of the learning process.
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
Systems thinking: What does the organization encourage? How are work activities seen?
What does this create?
The organization encourages staff to see themselves as connected to the whole organization, and work activities are seen as having an impact beyond the individual.
This creates a sense of community and builds a commitment on the part of individual workers not only to the organization but also to each other.
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
Personal mastery:
Each member of the staff has a commitment to improve their personal abilities.
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
Team learning: How do learning organizations achieve their goals?
It is through the collaboration of team members that LOs achieve their goals.
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
Team learning: What are important characteristics of an LO?
Values, such as trust and openness, commitment to one another’s learning, and acknowledgment that mistakes are part of the learning process, are important characteristics of a LO.
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
Mental Models: What is it?
Mental models. A mental model is the set of assumptions and generalizations (or even pictures or images) that influence how we understand the world and how we take actions (The Busy Lifestyle, 2020).
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
Mental Models: What is the goal of learning organizations (LO)?
The goal in the LO is to foster organizational development through diverse thinking.
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
Mental Models: What happens to the assumptions made?
Assumptions held by individuals then are challenged because this releases individuals from traditional thinking and promotes the full potential of individuals to learn.
Key Characteristics of Senge’s Model of LOs:
Shared vision: What happens when employees share a common vision?
When all the employees of the LO share a common vision, they are more willing to put their personal goals and needs aside and instead focus on teamwork and collaboration.
Training Versus Education #1
Training: How is it defined?
Training may be defined as an organized method of ensuring that people have knowledge and skills for a specific purpose and that they have acquired the necessary knowledge to perform the duties of the job.
Training Versus Education #1
Education: How does education compare to training?
Education is more formal and broader in scope than training.
Whereas training has an immediate use, education is designed to develop individuals in a broader sense.
Training Versus Education #1
What does developing a training program start with?
Developing a training program starts with identifying the knowledge or skill needed
Training Versus Education #2
Managers and education department staff- What is their role in training staff?
Managers and education department staff have a shared responsibility for the education and training of staff.
Learning Theories:
What is included?
Adult learning theory
Social learning theory
Learning Theories:
Adult Learning theory include:
Pedagogy vs Andragogy
Learning Theories:
Adult Learning theory include: Andragogy- who does this work well for?
*Andragogy works well with those who have had life experiences because they are mature and can take part in their own learning experiences.
Learning Theories:
Adult Learning theory: Andragogy- in this type of learning, how is the learner?
In this type of learning, the learner is self-directed rather than dependent.
Learning Theories:
Adult Learning theory include: Pedagogy- What is it?
Child Learning
Learning Theories:
Social learning theory: What is it?
(Bandura, 1977): learning from interactions with others in a social context
Learning Theories:
Social learning theory: Why is it important?
Social learning theory is also an important part of LOs because it suggests we learn from our interactions with others in a social context.
Learning Theories:
Key components of social learning theory include:
(1) group work
(2) demonstration (modeling), and
(3) hands-on practice in a group setting –are all central to social learning theory.
Learning Theories:
What would be less indicative of social learning theory?
*Written information and online materials that learners complete on their own would be less indicative of social learning theory, even though they may benefit some learners.
Learning Theories:
What are other learning concepts?
Other learning concepts:
readiness to learn;
motivation to learn;
reinforcement;
task learning;
transfer of learning;
span of memory;
chunking;
knowledge of results
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Readiness to learn
This refers to the maturational and experiential factors in the learner’s background that influence learning; it is not the same as motivation to learn.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Readiness to learn -What does maturation mean?
Maturation means that the learner has received the prerequisites for the next stage of learning.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Readiness to learn -What are experiential factors?
Experiential factors are skills previously acquired that are necessary for the next stage of learning.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Motivation to learn
If learners are informed in advance about the benefits of learning specific content and adopting new behaviors, they are more likely learn.
Ex; Telling employees why and how specific educational or training programs will benefit them personally (to gain buy in) is a vital management function in staff development.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Reinforcement
Because a learner’s first attempts are often unsuccessful, good preceptors are essential to reinforce desired behavior.
Once the behavior or skill is learned, it needs continual reinforcement until it becomes internalized.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Task learning
The learning of complex tasks is facilitated when tasks are broken into parts, beginning with the simplest and continuing to the most difficult.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Task learning
How is learning motor skills most effective?
When learning motor skills, spaced practice (short time periods but multiple sessions) is more effective than massed practice (a single longer session).
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Transfer of learning
What is the goal of training?
Transfer of learning. The goal of training is to transfer new learning to the work setting.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Transfer of learning
The goal of training is to transfer new learning to the work setting. For this to occur, what should there be?
For this to occur, there should first be as much similarity between the training context and the job as possible.
Second, adequate practice is mandatory, and overlearning (learning repeated to the degree that it is difficult to forget) is recommended.
Third, the training should include a variety of different situations so that the knowledge is generalized.
Fourth, whenever possible, important features or steps in a process should be identified.
Finally, the learner must understand the basic principles underlying the tasks and how a variety of situations will modify how the task is accomplished.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Transfer of learning
For learning in the classroom will not be transferred without what?
Learning in the classroom will not be transferred without adequate practice in a simulated or real situation and without an adequate understanding of underlying principles.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Span of memory
The effectiveness of staff development activities depends to some extent on the ability of the participants to retain information.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Span of memory
The effectiveness of staff development activities depends to some extent on the ability of the participants to retain information. What do effective strategies include?
Effective strategies include the chance for repeated rehearsal, grouping items to be learned (three or four items for oral presentations and four to six visually), having the material presented in a well-organized manner, and chunking.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Chunking
When does chunking occur?
This occurs when two independent items of information are presented and then grouped together into one unit.
Although the mind can remember only a limited number of chunks of data, experienced nurses can include more data in those chunks than can novice nurses.
For example, experienced nurses are typically better able to recognize subtle changes in a patient’s condition based on the assessments they have made or changes in lab values, whereas the novice nurse may take a bit longer to connect these pieces of information.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Knowledge of results
How do people learn faster?
Research has demonstrated that people learn faster when they are informed of their progress.
Learning Theories:
Other learning concepts: Knowledge of results
Research has demonstrated that people learn faster when they are informed of their progress.
How should the knowledge of results be?What do people need to experience?
The knowledge of results must be automatic, immediate, and meaningful to the task at hand.
People need to experience a feeling of progress, and they need to know how they are doing when measured against expected outcomes.
