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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

The sympathetic Division
-Send signals to the body to increase the diameter of blood vessels.
-Stimulate the sweat glands.
-Reduce blood flow to the digestive tract.
-Increase digestion activities.
-Send signals to the body to decrease the diameter of blood vessels.

A

-Send signals to the body to increase the diameter of blood vessels.
-Stimulate the sweat glands.
-Reduce blood flow to the digestive tract.

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2
Q

CNS

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

Nervous system

A

A system that rapidly communicates information throughout the body; composed of the brain, the spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.

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4
Q

ANS

A

A division of the nervous system that monitors and adjusts glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

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5
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A division of the ANS that is usually involved in preparing the body for physical activity.

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6
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A division of the ANS that is usually involved in activating normal body functions such as digestion, urination, and defecation.

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7
Q

Visceral reflex

A

A reflex of the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, or kidneys.

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8
Q

Preganglionic Neuron

A

A neuron that transfers a signal from the CNS to a ganglion.

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9
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

A neuron that transfers a signal from a ganglion to an organ.

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10
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

Ganglia of the nervous system that contain nerve cells.

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11
Q

Nerve

A

A rope-like organ that transfers information to the central nervous system.

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12
Q

Brainstem

A

The lower portion of the brain composed of the pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata.

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13
Q

Spinal Cord

A

A portion of the central nervous system; extends from the brainstem through the vertebrae.

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14
Q

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Fight-or-flight response

Select one:
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

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15
Q

Stimulation by the autonomic nervous system results in increased insulin secretion from the pancreas during and after a meal. The following are most likely to be true.

Select one:
a. increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation
b. acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion
c. increased insulin secretion is due to sympathetic stimulation
d. increased insulin secretion is due to adrenergic agonists
e. increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation and acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion

A

e. increased insulin secretion is due to parasympathetic stimulation and acetylcholine agonists will stimulate insulin secretion

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16
Q

The two classes of adrenergic receptors are

Select one:
a. alpha and beta.
b. splanchnic and terminal.
c. muscarinic and nicotinic.
d. nicotinic and cholinergic.
e. muscarinic and terminal.

A

a. alpha and beta.

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17
Q

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Craniosacral division

Select one:
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

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18
Q

Which effector has no innervation with parasympathetic nerves?

Select one:
a. eye
b. pancreas
c. heart
d. blood vessels

A

d. blood vessels

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19
Q

Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes

Select one:
a. one motor neuron plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.
b. one motor neuron plus skeletal muscles as effectors.
c. two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.
d. two motor neurons plus skeletal muscles as effectors.
e. three motor neurons plus skeletal muscles as effectors.

A

c. two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.

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20
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of

Select one:
a. acetylcholine and epinephrine.
b. norepinephrine and acetylcholine.
c. epinephrine and norepinephrine.
d. cortisol.
e. aldosterone.

A

c. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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21
Q

Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ____ division of the ANS.

Select one:
a. central
b. sympathetic
c. somatic motor
d. parasympathetic
e. ganglionic

A

b. sympathetic

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22
Q

When a person consumes a substantial amount of nicotine, the response

Select one:
a. increases parasympathetic responses.
b. increases sympathetic responses.
c. decreases parasympathetic responses.
d. decreases sympathetic responses.
e. both increases parasympathetic responses and increases sympathetic responses

A

e. both increases parasympathetic responses and increases sympathetic responses

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23
Q

Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the

Select one:
a. cranial and sacral regions.
b. lumbar and sacral regions.
c. cranial and thoracic regions.
d. thoracic and lumbar regions.
e. cervical and sacral regions

A

d. thoracic and lumbar regions.

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24
Q

When acetylcholine binds to autonomic muscarinic receptors,

Select one:
a. heart rate increases.
b. voluntary movements occur.
c. intestinal motility increases.
d. intestinal motility decreases.
e. intestinal motility stops.

A

c. intestinal motility increases.

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25
Q

A

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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26
Q

B

A

Vagus Nerve

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27
Q

C

A

increase in blood pressure detected by Carotid baroreceptors

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28
Q

D

A

decrease in blood pressure detected by carotid baroreceptors

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29
Q

E

A

Sympathetic nerve

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30
Q

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Effects more localized

Select one:
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

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31
Q

Consider the following situation: Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter a sympathetic chain ganglia. In order for these axons to reach collateral ganglia, they must now travel through

Select one:
a. a splanchnic nerve.
b. a sympathetic nerve.
c. a gray ramus communicans.
d. a white ramus communicans.
e. a dorsal root ganglion.

A

Splanchnic nerve

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32
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the

Select one:
a. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons.
b. location of the preganglionic cell bodies.
c. position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.
d. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, and location of the preganglionic cell bodies.
e. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, location of the preganglionic cell bodies, and position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.

A

e. length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons, location of the preganglionic cell bodies, and position of the ganglia where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse.
- length, location, position

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33
Q

Which of the following drugs would be the best choice to use in chronic asthma to dilate the bronchioles?

Select one:
a. a nicotinic agent
b. a muscarinic agent
c. alpha-adrenergic blocking agents
d. beta-adrenergic stimulating agents
e. ganglionic blocking agents.

A

d. beta-adrenergic stimulating agents

34
Q

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Stimulation of this system often activates many effectors at the same time

Select one:
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

35
Q

If acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors,

Select one:
a. Na+ channels open.
b. Ca2+ channels open.
c. adrenaline is released.
d. G proteins mediate the cell’s response.
e. the response is neither excitatory nor inhibitory.

A

d. G proteins mediate the cell’s response.

36
Q

Match the characteristic with the correct nervous system.

Controls conscious movement

Select one:
a. somatic motor nervous system
b. autonomic nervous system
c. both somatic and autonomic nervous systems
d. neither somatic nor autonomic nervous system

A

a. somatic motor nervous system

37
Q

Which of the following nerves has parasympathetic axons?

Select one:
a. facial
b. trigeminal
c. hypoglossal
d. spinal accessory
e. abducens

A

a. facial

38
Q

Given these phrases:
(1) neuron cell bodies in the nuclei of cranial nerves
(2) neuron cell bodies in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord (T1–L2 and S2–S4)
(3) two synapses between the CNS and effectors
(4) regulates smooth muscle
Which of the phrases are true for the autonomic nervous system?
1,3
2,4
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,3,4

A

1,2,3,4

39
Q

Given these structures:
(1) collateral ganglion
(2) sympathetic chain ganglion
(3) white ramus communicans
(4) splanchnic nerve
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order an action potential travels through them on the way from a spinal nerve to an effector.
1,3,2,4
1,4,2,3
3,1,4,2
3,2,4,1
4,3,1,2

A

3,2,4,1

40
Q

The white ramus communicans contains
preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

A

preganglionic sympathetic fibers.

41
Q

The cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are located in the
sympathetic chain ganglia.
collateral ganglia.
terminal ganglia.
dorsal root ganglia.
Both a and b are correct.

A

Both a and b are correct.

42
Q

Splanchnic nerves
-are part of the parasympathetic division.
-have preganglionic neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia.
-exit from the cervical region of the spinal cord.
-travel from the spinal cord to the sympathetic chain ganglia.
-All of these are correct.

A

have preganglionic neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglia.

43
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the adrenal gland is true?
-The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release acetylcholine.
-The parasympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine.
-The sympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release acetylcholine.
-The sympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine.

A

-The sympathetic division stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine.

44
Q

The parasympathetic division
-is also called the craniosacral division.
-has preganglionic axons in cranial nerves.
-has preganglionic axons in pelvic splanchnic nerves.
-has ganglia near or in the wall of effectors.
-All of these are correct.

A

-All of these are correct.

45
Q

Which of these is not a part of the enteric nervous system?
-ANS motor neurons
-neurons located only in the digestive tract
-sensory neurons
-somatic motor neurons

A

somatic motor neurons

46
Q

Sympathetic axons reach organs through all of the following except
-abdominopelvic nerve plexuses.
-head and neck nerve plexuses.
-thoracic nerve plexuses.
-pelvic splanchnic nerves.
-spinal nerves.

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves.

47
Q

Which of these cranial nerves does not contain parasympathetic fibers?
oculomotor (III)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
trigeminal (V)
vagus (X)

A

trigeminal (V)

48
Q

Which of these events is expected if the sympathetic division is activated?
Secretion of watery saliva increases.
Tear production increases.
Air passageways dilate.
Glucose release from the liver decreases.
All of these are correct.

A

Air passageways dilate.

49
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the preganglionic neurons of the ANS is true?
-All parasympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine.
-Only parasympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine.
-All sympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine.
-Only sympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine.

A

All parasympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine.

50
Q

When acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors,
-the cell’s response is mediated by G proteins.
-the response can be excitatory or inhibitory.
-Na+ channels open.
-the binding occurs at the effectors.
-All of these are correct.

A

-Na+ channels open.

51
Q

Nicotinic receptors are located in
-postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division.
-postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division.
-membranes of skeletal muscle cells.
-Both a and b are correct.
-all of these sites.

A

all of these sites.

52
Q

The sympathetic division
-is always stimulatory.
-is always inhibitory.
-is usually under conscious control.
-generally opposes the actions of the parasympathetic division.
-Both a and c are correct.

A

generally opposes the actions of the parasympathetic division.

53
Q

A sudden increase in blood pressure
-initiates a sympathetic reflex that decreases heart rate.
-initiates a local reflex that decreases heart rate.
-initiates a parasympathetic reflex that decreases heart rate.
-Both a and b are correct.
-Both b and c are correct.

A

initiates a parasympathetic reflex that decreases heart rate.

54
Q

Which of these structures is innervated almost exclusively by the sympathetic division?
gastrointestinal tract
heart
urinary bladder
reproductive tract
blood vessels

A

blood vessels

55
Q

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Has greater influence during physical activity

Select one:
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

56
Q

Which of the following is NOT a means of parasympathetic innervation of effectors?

Select one:
a. spinal nerves
b. abdominal nerve plexuses
c. pelvic splanchnic nerves and pelvic nerve plexuses
d. cranial nerves to the head and neck
e. vagus nerve and thoracic nerve plexuses

A

a. spinal nerves

57
Q

Chain ganglia are part of the

Select one:
a. central nervous system.
b. sympathetic branch of the ANS.
c. somatic motor branch of the ANS.
d. parasympathetic branch of the ANS.
e. spinal cord.

A

b. sympathetic branch of the ANS.

58
Q

A

A

Somatic motor neuron

59
Q

B

A

preganglionic neuron

60
Q

C

A

Postganglionic neuron

61
Q

D

A

Autonomic ganglion

62
Q

E

A

effector organ (smooth muscle of GI tract)

63
Q

E

A
64
Q

Which of the following is NOT an effect of parasympathetic action?

Select one:
a. increased tear production
b. increased motility of the intestines
c. increased metabolism
d. increased gastric secretion

A

c. increased metabolism

65
Q

Arrange the following in correct sequence:
(1) autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse
(2) synapse with target tissues
(3) preganglionic neuron
(4) postganglionic neuron

Select one:
a. 2, 3, 4, 1
b. 1, 3, 2, 4
c. 3, 1, 4, 2
d. 4, 1, 3, 2
e. 4, 3, 1, 2

A

c. 3, 1, 4, 2

66
Q

Acetylcholine will cause the pupil of the eye to constrict. A drug acts on receptors for acetylcholine to cause the pupils of the eye to dilate. Nicotine does not bind to receptors in smooth muscle cells of the iris. Therefore, the drug which causes the pupils to dilate is a

Select one:
a. nicotinic blocking agent.
b. muscarinic blocking agent.
c. a nicotinic agent.
d. a muscarinic agent.
e. an adrenergic agent.

A

b. muscarinic blocking agent.

67
Q

Sympathomimetic agents activate

Select one:
a. nicotinic receptors.
b. muscarinic receptors.
c. adrenergic receptors.
d. somatotrophic receptors.
e. cholinergic receptors.

A

c. adrenergic receptors.

68
Q

Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are frequently used to

Select one:
a. cause vasoconstriction.
b. block muscarinic receptors.
c. dilate the pupils of the eye
d. prevent increases in heart rate.
e. prevent decreases in heart rate.

A

b. block muscarinic receptors.

69
Q

The _______________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions.

Select one:
a. parasympathetic
b. somatic
c. sympathetic
d. thoracolumbar
e. sensory

A

a. parasympathetic

70
Q

Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system?

Select one:
a. The ANS innervates skeletal muscle.
b. ANS functions are consciously controlled.
c. The ANS controls unconscious movement of skeletal muscles.
d. The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic.
e. A single neuron from the spinal cord carries action potentials to effector organs in the ANS.

A

d. The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic.

71
Q

The ________________ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful situations.

Select one:
a. craniosacral
b. parasympathetic
c. somatic
d. sympathetic
e. sensory

A

d. sympathetic

72
Q

A

A

Cranial Nerves

73
Q

B

A

Postganglionic neurons

74
Q

C

A

terminal ganglia

75
Q

D

A

preganglionic neurons

76
Q
A
77
Q

E

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

78
Q

Autonomic reflexes

Select one:
a. are impossible.
b. are integrated somewhere in the CNS.
c. have efferent input and afferent output.
d. are an example of positive feedback.
e. are harmful.

A

b. are integrated somewhere in the CNS.

79
Q

The two divisions of the ANS have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT

Select one:
a. the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles
b. the diameter of bronchioles in the lungs
c. gastrointestinal peristalsis
d. heart rate
e. the eye

A

a. the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles

80
Q

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Thoracolumbar division

Select one:
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

81
Q

The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which preganglionic neurons pass is called the

Select one:
a. white ramus communicans.
b. gray ramus communicans.
c. splanchnic nerve.
d. terminal ganglia.
e. pink ramus communicans.

A

a. white ramus communicans.

82
Q

When acetylcholine binds with nicotinic receptors, the response is

Select one:
a. inhibitory.
b. excitatory.
c. either excitatory or inhibitory.
d. both excitatory and inhibitory.
e. neither excitatory nor inhibitory.

A

b. excitatory.

Anatomy 1 (17 decks)

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