Chapter 15 Flashcards
Any of the 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brain.
Cranial nerve
Pain fibers that carry nerve impulses quickly, at velocities of up to 30 meters per second, and result in short, sharp pain.
Acute pain fibers
Pain fibers that conduct impulses slowly, at about 2 meters per second, and result in chronic pain.
chronic pain fibers
A neural component of the eye that contains the visual receptors.
Retina
A rapid change in a cell’s electrical charge that reverses the plasma membrane’s electrical polarity.
Action potential
Cells that receive impulses from outside stimuli, such as smell and light.
receptor cells
The receptors in the eye that receive light stimuli.
rods
The receptors in the eye that receive color stimuli.
cones
A nerve that carries visual signals from the eye to the visual cortex.
Optic Nerve
The part of the cerebral cortex that processes vision.
Visual cortex
A vibration that is caused by the movement of matter.
Sound wave
Which portion of the ear contains the sense organs for hearing and balance?
Select one:
a. external ear
b. middle ear
c. inner ear
d. auditory tube
e. tympanic membrane.
c. inner ear
What ion(s) cause(s) depolarization in olfactory neurons?
Select one:
a. Na+
b. Ca2+
c. K+
d. Both Na+ and K+
e. Both Na+ and Ca2+
e. Both Na+ and Ca2+
Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?
Select one:
a. smell
b. taste
c. sight
d. sound
e. touch
a. smell
To which of the following substances would the taste buds be most sensitive?
Select one:
a. syrup
b. vinegar
c. salt water
d. quinine (tonic) water
e. jell
d. quinine (tonic) water
Vitreous humor
Select one:
a. is produced on a daily basis.
b. is less viscous than aqueous humor.
c. does not contribute to intraocular pressure.
d. helps to hold the lens and retina in place.
e. is located in the anterior chamber.
d. helps to hold the lens and retina in place.
What is activated when light causes 11-cis-retinal to convert to all-trans-retinal?
Select one:
a. opsin
b. transducin
c. ATP
d. glutamate
b. transducin
Olfactory adaptation occurs when odorant receptors become _____.
Select one:
a. saturated
b. destroyed
a. saturated
You taste a sauce with the “tip of your tongue”. These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve.
Select one:
a. facial (VII)
b. vagus (X)
c. trigeminal (V)
d. glossopharyngeal (IX)
e. hypoglossal (XII)
a. facial (VII)
The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are separated by the
Select one:
a. lens.
b. retina.
c. cornea.
d. iris.
e. optic disc.
d. iris.
Light refracts as it passes through the
Select one:
a. vitreous humor, sclera, and iris.
b. lens, aqueous humor, and sclera.
c. cornea, retina, and vitreous humor.
d. lens, cornea and humors of the eye.
e. sclera, iris, and retina.
d. lens, cornea and humors of the eye.
Sensory receptors for balance are found in the
Select one:
a. pinna.
b. cochlea.
c. auditory ossicles.
d. semicircular canals.
e. auditory tube.
d. semicircular canals.
The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the
Select one:
a. iris.
b. sclera.
c. retina.
d. choroid.
e. conjunctiva.
b. sclera.
Glaucoma can result from
Select one:
a. inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor.
b. damage to the suspensory ligament.
c. a decrease in the number of cones.
d. opacity of the lens.
e. increased amounts of vitreous humor.
a. inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor.
Arrange the following events in correct sequence.
(1) retinal cells generate action potential
(2) person becomes aware of the information obtained by CNS
(3) visual cortex translates action potential
(4) bright light is shone into the eye
(5) optic nerve conducts action potential to CNS
Select one:
a. 4, 5, 1, 3, 2
b. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
c. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2
d. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
e. 4, 3, 5, 2, 1
c. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2
Which of the following is NOT a primary odor class?
Select one:
a. umami
b. floral
c. putrid
d. pepperminty
e. ethereal
a. umami
Blood vessels enter the eye and nerve processes exit the eye at the
Select one:
a. optic disc.
b. macula lutea.
c. sensory retina.
d. fovea centralis.
e. pupil.
a. optic disc.
The sensory cells for hearing are located in the
Select one:
a. organ of Corti or spiral organ.
b. oval window.
c. middle ear.
d. vestibule.
e. semicircular canals.
a. organ of Corti or spiral organ.
Mechanical deficiency in transmission of sound waves to the spiral organ is
Select one:
a. Meniere disease.
b. otosclerosis.
c. conduction hearing loss.
d. sensorineural hearing loss.
e. motion sickness.
c. conduction hearing loss.
To which colors are the three different kinds of cones sensitive?
Select one:
a. blue, red, and yellow
b. red, blue, and green
c. red, violet, and yellow
d. violet, green, and blue
e. orange, indigo, and violet
b. red, blue, and green
The superior olivary nucleus
Select one:
a. generates the endocochlear potential.
b. receives impulses from the vestibular nerve.
c. helps localize high-pitched tones near the apex of the basilar membrane.
d. sends efferent impulses that inhibit all hair cells not vibrating maximally.
e. stimulates additional hair cells.
d. sends efferent impulses that inhibit all hair cells not vibrating maximally.
For distant vision,
Select one:
a. the lens is more spherical.
b. the suspensory ligaments relax.
c. the ciliary muscles are relaxed.
d. light is refracted more by the lens than by the humors.
e. the lens is thickened.
c. the ciliary muscles are relaxed.
A branch of the ___________ nerve transmits taste sensations from anterior two-thirds of the tongue, except vallate papillae.
Select one:
a. Medulla oblongata
b. Facial nerve
c. Glossopharyngeal nerve
d. Chorda tympani
b. Facial nerve
The photoreceptor cells are located
Select one:
a. on the surface of the retina.
b. in the ganglionic layer of the retina.
c. in the photoreceptive layer of the retina.
d. in the choroid layer of the retina.
e. in the pigment cell layer of the retina.
c. in the photoreceptive layer of the retina.
Otoliths can break off and float inside the inner ear. What might happen if the otoliths settle on top of the hair cells?
Select one:
a. it could amplify hearing
b. it may cause deafness
c. inability to understand language
d. dizziness and inability to balance oneself
e. causes one to hear voices
d. dizziness and inability to balance oneself
The blink reflex is designed to
Select one:
a. maintain balance.
b. regulate pupil size.
c. provide clearer vision.
d. keep the eyes moist.
e. orient the eyes.
d. keep the eyes moist.
The correct pathway for impulses leaving the retina is
Select one:
a. photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and optic nerve.
b. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve.
c. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, optic nerve, and ganglion cells.
d. photoreceptors, ganglion cells, optic nerve, and bipolar cells.
e. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors, and optic nerve.
b. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve.
The attenuation reflex
Select one:
a. amplifies loud noises.
b. enhances low frequency sounds.
c. prevents damage to delicate ear structures.
d. involves the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani.
e. vibrates the tympanic membrane.
c. prevents damage to delicate ear structures.
The auditory tube
Select one:
a. amplifies sound waves.
b. helps maintain balance.
c. carries sound to the eardrum.
d. carries sound to the inner ear.
e. equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.
e. equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.
Which of the following is (are) associated with the retina?
Select one:
a. lens
b. ciliary muscle
c. pupil
d. suspensory ligaments
e. rods and cones
e. rods and cones
Which of the following statements is false?
Select one:
a. Each taste bud is most sensitive to one of the five basic tastes.
b. Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high.
c. Adaptation for taste is rapid.
d. Olfaction influences taste.
e. Sensitivities for sweet and salty tastes are the lowest.
b. Sensitivity of taste buds for sweet taste is very high.
An inflammation of one of the ciliary glands of the eyelashes is called a
Select one:
a. sty.
b. boil.
c. chalazion.
d. meibomian cyst.
e. pinkeye.
a. sty.
Most neurons are permanent cells, however _____ are neurons that are constantly being replaced.
Select one:
a. mitral cells
b. olfactory neurons
c. basal cells
d. cortical neurons
b. olfactory neurons
Which of the following statements is NOT true of hyperopia?
Select one:
a. corrected by “minus” lenses
b. close objects are fuzzy
c. eyeball is too short
d. corrected by convex lenses
e. image focused behind the retin
a. corrected by “minus” lenses
Which of the special senses contains receptor neurons that are the only nerve cells in direct contact with the outside environment?
Select one:
a. equilibrium
b. hearing
c. smell
d. taste
e. vision
c. smell
The position of the head with respect to gravity is determined by the
Select one:
a. shift in fluid in the semicircular canals.
b. movements of otoliths in response to gravity.
c. movements of perilymph in the vestibular chamber.
d. impulses transmitted from the macula of the semicircular canals.
e. stimulation of the cochlear portion of the nerve.
b. movements of otoliths in response to gravity.
The transparent anterior portion of the sclera is the
Select one:
a. iris.
b. retina.
c. cornea.
d. choroid.
e. pupil.
c. cornea.
Select one:
a. bitter.
b. salty.
c. sweet.
d. umami.
e. sour.
d. umami
Arrange the following structures in the order in which they vibrate when a sound wave enters the ear.
(1) eardrum
(2) endolymph
(3) ossicles
(4) oval window
(5) perilymph
Select one:
a. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
b. 1, 4, 3, 5, 2
c. 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
d. 1, 3, 2, 5, 4
e. 1, 3, 4, 5, 2
e. 1, 3, 4, 5, 2
Which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
a. Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced.
b. Olfactory epithelial receptors are highly specific.
c. Olfaction first goes to the thalamus and is then relayed to the cerebral cortex.
d. Continued stimulation of olfactory neurons produces the same level of response.
e. Replacement of neurons is a common phenomenon in the body.
a. Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced.
Arrange the following structures in the order in which they would vibrate as a result of the tympanic membrane vibrating.
(1) oval window
(2) vestibular membrane and endolymph
(3) ossicles
(4) basilar membrane
(5) perilymph
Select one:
a. 3, 5, 2, 4, 1
b. 1, 2, 5, 3, 4
c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
d. 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
e. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
d. 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
Which of these statements is not true with respect to olfaction?
-Olfactory sensation is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without passing through the thalamus.
-Olfactory neurons are replaced about every 2 months.
-The olfactory cortex is involved in the conscious perception of smell.
-The secondary olfactory areas are responsible for visceral and emotional reactions to odors.
-The olfactory cortex is in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
-The olfactory cortex is in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
Taste cells
-are found only on the tongue.
-extend through tiny openings called taste buds.
-have no axons but release neurotransmitters when stimulated.
-have axons that extend directly to the taste area of the cerebral cortex.
-have no axons but release neurotransmitters when stimulated.
Which of these is not one of the basic tastes?
spicy
salt
bitter
umami
sour
spicy
Which of these types of papillae have no taste buds associated with them?
vallate
filiform
foliate
fungiform
filiform
The fibrous tunic of the eye includes the
conjunctiva.
sclera.
choroid.
iris.
retina.
sclera.
The ciliary body
-contains smooth muscles that -attach to the lens by suspensory ligaments.
-produces the vitreous humor.
-is part of the iris of the eye.
-is part of the sclera.
-All of these are correct.
contains smooth muscles that -attach to the lens by suspensory ligaments.
The lens normally focuses light onto the
optic disc.
iris.
macula.
cornea.
ciliary body.
macula.
Given these structures:
(1) lens
(2) aqueous humor
(3) vitreous humor
(4) cornea
Which of the following arrangements lists the structures in the order that light entering the eye encounters them?
1,2,3,4
1,4,2,3
4,1,2,3
4,2,1,3
4,3,2,1
4,2,1,3
Contraction of the smooth muscle in the ciliary body causes the
lens to flatten.
pupil to constrict.
lens to become more spherical.
pupil to dilate.
lens to become more spherical.
Given these events:
(1) Bipolar cells depolarize.
(2) Glutamate release from presynaptic terminals of photoreceptor cells decreases.
(3) Light strikes photoreceptor cells.
(4) Photoreceptor cells are depolarized.
(5) Photoreceptor cells are hyperpolarized.
Choose the arrangement that lists the correct order of events, starting with the photoreceptor cells in the resting, nonactivated state.
1,2,3,4,5
2,4,3,5,1
3,4,2,5,1
4,3,5,2,1
5,3,4,1,2
4,3,5,2,1
Given these neurons in the retina:
(1) bipolar cells
(2) ganglionic cells
(3) photoreceptor cells
Choose the arrangement that lists the correct order of the cells encountered by light as it enters the eye and travels toward the pigmented layer of the retina.
1,2,3
1,3,2
2,1,3
2,3,1
3,1,2
2,1,3
Which of these photoreceptor cells is not correctly matched with its function?
rods—vision in low light
cones—color vision
rods—visual acuity
rods—visual acuity
Concerning dark adaptation,
-the amount of rhodopsin increases.
-the pupils constrict.
-it occurs more rapidly than light adaptation.
-All of these are correct.
the amount of rhodopsin increases.
In the retina are cones that are most sensitive to a particular color. Given this list of colors:
(1) red
(2) yellow
(3) green
(4) blue
Indicate which colors correspond to specific types of cones.
2,3
3,4
1,2,3
1,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,3,4
Given these areas of the retina:
(1) macula
(2) fovea centralis
(3) optic disc
(4) periphery of the retina
Choose the arrangement that lists the areas according to the density of cones, starting with the area that has the highest density of cones.
1,2,3,4
1,3,2,4
2,1,4,3
2,4,1,3
3,4,1,2
2,1,4,3
Axons in the optic nerve from the right eye
-all go to the right occipital lobe.
-all go to the left occipital lobe.
-all go to the thalamus.
-go mostly to the thalamus, but some go to the superior colliculus.
-go partly to the right occipital lobe and partly to the left occipital lobe.
-go mostly to the thalamus, but some go to the superior colliculus.
A person with an abnormally powerful focusing system is and uses a to correct his or her vision.
nearsighted, concave lens
nearsighted, convex lens
farsighted, concave lens
farsighted, convex lens
nearsighted, concave lens
Which of these structures is found within or is a part of the external ear?
oval window
auditory tube
ossicles
external auditory canal
cochlear duct
external auditory canal
Given these ear bones:
(1) incus
(2) malleus
(3) stapes
Choose the arrangement that lists the ear bones in order from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
1,2,3
1,3,2
2,1,3
2,3,1
3,2,1
2,1,3
Given these structures:
(1) perilymph
(2) endolymph
(3) vestibular membrane
(4) basilar membrane
Which of the following arrangements lists the structures in the order sound waves coming from the outside encounter them in producing sound?
1,3,2,4
1,4,2,3
2,3,1,4
2,4,1,3
3,4,2,1
1,3,2,4
The spiral organ is within the
cochlear duct.
scala vestibuli.
scala tympani.
vestibule.
semicircular canals.
cochlear duct.
An increase in the loudness of sound occurs as a result of an increase in the of the sound wave.
frequency
amplitude
resonance
Both a and b are correct.
amplitude
Interpretation of different sounds is possible because of the ability of the ______ to vibrate at different frequencies and stimulate the ________ .
vestibular membrane, vestibular nerve
vestibular membrane, spiral organ
basilar membrane, vestibular nerve
basilar membrane, spiral organ
basilar membrane, spiral organ
Which structure is a specialized receptor within the utricle?
macula
crista ampullaris
spiral organ
cupula
macula
Damage to the semicircular canals affects the ability to detect
-sound.
-the position of the head relative to the ground.
-the movement of the head in all directions.
-All of these are correct.
the movement of the head in all directions.
