Chapter 14 Flashcards
The ability of an organism to maintain relatively stable internal conditions while external conditions change.
homeostasis
A mechanism that responds to and corrects a homeostatic imbalance.
negative feedback mechanism
Lowered body temperature due to external conditions or illness.
hypothermia
Raised body temperature due to external conditions or fever.
hyperthermia
A form of hyperthermia that occurs when the body is trying to fight infection.
fever
The neurons in the skin and hypothalamus that respond to temperature changes.
thermoreceptors
A hormone secreted by the parathyroid that helps raise blood calcium concentrations.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A hormone that is a form of vitamin D that aids in calcium absorption.
calcitriol
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that helps lower blood calcium concentrations.
calcitonin
A hormone that facilitates sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen excretion.
aldosterone
This process occurs when the contents of a cell are excised after a vesicle in the cytoplasm and cell membrane fuse.
exocytosis
A deficiency of calcium in the blood.
hypocalcemia
If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action.
Select one:
a. visual cortex
b. premotor area
c. prefrontal area
d. auditory association area
e. visual association area
b. premotor area
Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side?
(1) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the left side
(2) loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side
(3) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side
(4) loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on right side
(5) loss of fine motor control on the right side below the injury
(6) loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury
Select one:
a. 1, 3, 5
b. 2, 4, 6
c. 2, 3, 6
d. 1, 3, 4, 6
e. 1, 4, 5, 6
c. 2, 3, 6
The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _____ waves.
Select one:
a. alpha
b. beta
c. delta
d. theta
e. gamma
a. alpha
In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the
Select one:
a. receptor to the spinal cord.
b. receptor to the brain.
c. spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus.
d. thalamus to the cerebral cortex.
e. spinal cord to cerebellum.
c. spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus.
The extrapyramidal system
Select one:
a. controls the speed of skilled movements.
b. maintains control of unconscious movements.
c. interprets cutaneous perception.
d. projects sensory information from the medulla to the cerebrum.
e. control facial expression, mastication, and tongue movements.
b. maintains control of unconscious movements.
Which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory?
Select one:
a. remembering your name
b. riding a bicycle
c. locating Russia on a globe
d. being afraid of snakes
e. reciting a poem
b. riding a bicycle
Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people?
Select one:
a. motor control of left side of the body
b. mathematics and speech
c. spatial perception
d. recognition of faces
e. musical ability
b. mathematics and speech
A
Primary motor cortex
B
Primary somatic sensory cortex
C
Motor speech area (Broca area)
D
sensory speech area (wernicke area)
E
visual cortex
E
As the nervous system ages
Select one:
a. reflexes become faster.
b. cutaneous sensation becomes more acute.
c. blood pressure decreases.
d. reflexes become slower.
e. size and weight of the brain increases.
d. reflexes become slower.
Various areas of the cortex form functional pathways to conduct action potentials necessary to perform specific functions. Arrange the areas below in proper sequence to accomplish reading a poem aloud.
(1) visual association area
(2) premotor area
(3) Broca area
(4) primary motor area
(5) Wernicke area
(6) visual cortex
Select one:
a. 1, 6, 5, 3, 4, 2
b. 6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4
c. 6, 1, 3, 5, 4, 2
d. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 3
e. 5, 4, 3, 6, 1, 2
b. 6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4
Sensory receptors that release neurotransmitters in response to receptor potentials are called ______ receptors.
Select one:
a. primary
b. secondary
c. direct
d. indirect
b. secondary
When the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called
Select one:
a. referred pain.
b. central sensitization.
c. peripheral sensitization.
d. cumulative sensitization.
e. phantom pain.
b. central sensitization.
When a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects?
Select one:
a. Temperature perception requires more than one type of receptor.
b. Temperatures above 37 degrees centigrade actually stimulate the cold receptors.
c. At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.
d. Most temperature receptors cannot differentiate hot from cold.
e. Pain receptors are inhibited by both very hot and very cold objects.
c. At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.
Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord?
Select one:
a. lateral spinothalamic tract
b. rubrospinal tract
c. lateral corticospinal tract
d. tectospinal tract
e. anterior corticospinal tract
a. lateral spinothalamic tract
The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the
Select one:
a. nucleus gracilis.
b. nucleus cuneatus.
c. fasciculus gracilis.
d. fasciculus cuneatus.
e. fasciculus nucleus.
c. fasciculus gracilis.
The perception of position and movement of body parts is
Select one:
a. sensation.
b. propioception
c. both a and b are correct
d. All of the choices are correct.
b. propioception
The _________ _________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in _____________ ___________ touch.
Select one:
a. Merkel disks; very deep
b. Pacinian corpuscles; very light
c. Muscle spindles; fine proprioceptive
d. Golgi tendon organs; limited awareness
e. Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination
e. Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination
The gate control theory of pain says that pain impulses traveling through the lateral spinothalamic tract can be suppressed by increased activity of the
Select one:
a. anterior spinothalamic tract.
b. tertiary neurons.
c. extrapyramidal tracts.
d. dorsal column/medial lemniscal system.
e. spinocerebellar tracts.
d. dorsal column/medial lemniscal system.
A
free nerve endings (responds to painful stimuli)
B
Merkel disks (detect light touch and superficial pressure)
C
Meissner corpuscles (two point discrimination)
D
Ruffini End organ ( detects continous touch or pressure and depression/stretch of skin)
E
Pacinian corpuscle - detects deep pressure, vibration, and proprioception
Nociceptors respond to
-changes in temperature at the site of the receptor.
-compression, bending, or stretching of cells.
-painful mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli.
-light striking a receptor cell.
-painful mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli.
Which of these types of sensory receptors respond to pain, itch, tickle, and temperature?
Merkel disks
Meissner corpuscles
Ruffini end organs
free nerve endings
Pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings
Which of these types of sensory receptors are involved with proprioception?
-free nerve endings
-Golgi tendon organs
-muscle spindles
-Pacinian corpuscles
-All of these are correct.
All of these are correct.
The sensory receptors in the dermis and hypodermis responsible for sensing continuous touch or pressure are
-Merkel disks.
-Meissner corpuscles.
-Ruffini end organs.
-free nerve endings.
-Pacinian corpuscles.
Ruffini end organs.
Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called
-adaptation.
-projection.
-translation.
-conduction.
-phantom pain.
-adaptation.
Secondary neurons in the spinothalamic tracts synapse with tertiary neurons in the
-medulla oblongata.
-gray matter of the spinal cord.
-cerebellum.
-thalamus.
-midbrain.
thalamus.
If the spinothalamic tract on the right side of the spinal cord is severed,
-pain sensations below the damaged area on the right side are eliminated.
-pain sensations below the damaged area on the left side are eliminated.
-temperature sensations are unaffected.
-neither pain sensations nor
temperature sensations are affected.
-pain sensations below the damaged area on the left side are eliminated.
Fibers of the dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
-carry the sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, and vibration.
-cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata.
-are divided into the fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus in the spinal cord.
-include secondary neurons that exit the medulla and synapse in the thalamus.
-All of these are correct.
-All of these are correct.
Tertiary neurons in both the spinothalamic tract and the dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
-project to the somatic sensory cortex.
-cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata.
-are found in the spinal cord.
-connect to quaternary neurons in the thalamus.
-are part of a descending pathway.
-project to the somatic sensory cortex.
Unlike the anterolateral and dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal systems, the spinocerebellar tracts
-are descending tracts.
-transmit information from the same side of the body as the side of the CNS to which they project.
-have four neurons in each pathway.
-carry only pain sensations.
-have primary neurons that synapse in the thalamus.
-transmit information from the same side of the body as the side of the CNS to which they project.
General sensory inputs (pain, pressure, temperature) to the cerebrum end in the
-precentral gyrus.
-postcentral gyrus.
-central sulcus.
-corpus callosum.
-arachnoid mater.
-postcentral gyrus.
Neurons from which area of the body occupy the greatest area of the somatic sensory cortex?
foot
leg
torso
arm
face
face
A cutaneous nerve to the hand is severed at the elbow. The distal end of the nerve at the elbow is then stimulated. The person reports
-no sensation because the receptors are gone.
-a sensation only in the region of the elbow.
-a sensation “projected” to the hand.
-a vague sensation on the side of the body containing the cut nerve.
a sensation “projected” to the hand.
Which of these areas of the cerebral cortex is involved in providing the motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements?
primary motor cortex
primary somatic sensory cortex
prefrontal area
premotor area
basal nuclei
prefrontal area
Which of these pathways is not an ascending (sensory) pathway?
spinothalamic tract
corticospinal tract
dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
trigeminothalamic tract
spinocerebellar tract
corticospinal tract
The tracts innervate the head muscles.
corticospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
corticobulbar
dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal
corticobulbar
Most fibers of the corticospinal tract
decussate in the medulla oblongata.
synapse in the pons.
descend in the rubrospinal tract.
begin in the cerebellum.
decussate in the medulla oblongata.
A person with a spinal cord injury is suffering from paresis (partial paralysis) in the right lower limb. Which of these pathways is probably involved?
left lateral corticospinal tract
right lateral corticospinal tract
left dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
right dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
right lateral corticospinal tract
Which of these pathways is not an indirect (extrapyramidal) pathway?
reticulospinal tract
corticobulbar tract
rubrospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract
corticobulbar tract
The indirect (extrapyramidal) system is concerned with
posture.
trunk movements.
proximal limb movements.
All of these are correct.
All of these are correct.
The major effect of the basal nuclei is
-to act as a comparator for motor coordination.
-to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity.
-to affect emotions and emotional responses to odors.
-to modulate pain sensations.
to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity.
Which part of the cerebellum is correctly matched with its function?
-vestibulocerebellum—planning and learning rapid, complex movements
-spinocerebellum—comparator function
-cerebrocerebellum—balance
-None of these are correct.
-spinocerebellum—comparator function
Given the following events:
(1) Action potentials from the cerebellum go to the motor cortex and spinal cord.
(2) Action potentials from the motor cortex go to lower motor neurons and the cerebellum.
(3) Action potentials from proprioceptors go to the cerebellum.
Arrange the events in the order they occur in the cerebellar comparator function.
1,2,3
1,3,2
2,1,3
2,3,1
3,2,1
2,3,1
The brainstem
-consists of ascending and descending pathways.
-contains cranial nerve nuclei III–X and XII.
-has nuclei and connections that form the reticular activating system.
-has many important reflexes, some of which are necessary for survival.
-has all of these features.
-has all of these features.
Given these areas of the cerebral cortex:
(1) Broca area
(2) premotor area
(3) primary motor cortex
(4) Wernicke area
If a person hears and understands a word and then says the word out loud, in what order are the areas used?
1,4,2,3
1,4,3,2
3,1,4,2
4,1,2,3
4,1,3,2
4,1,2,3
The main connection between the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum is the
-intermediate mass.
-corpus callosum.
-vermis.
-unmyelinated nuclei.
-thalamus.
-corpus callosum.
Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people?
-sensory input from the left side of the body
-mathematics and speech
-spatial perception
-recognition of faces
-musical ability
-mathematics and speech
The limbic system is involved in the control of
-sleep and wakefulness.
-posture.
-higher intellectual processes.
-emotion, mood, and sensations of pain or pleasure.
-hearing.
emotion, mood, and sensations of pain or pleasure.
Long-term memory involves
-a change in the cytoskeleton of neurons.
-an increased number of dendritic spines.
-cAMP signaling pathways that increase gene transcription.
-specific protein synthesis.
-All of these are correct.
-All of these are correct.
Concerning long-term memory,
-declarative (explicit) memory involves the development of skills, such as riding a bicycle.
-procedural (implicit, or reflexive) memory involves the retention of facts, such as names, dates, or places.
-much of declarative (explicit) memory is lost through time.
-declarative (explicit) memory is stored primarily in the cerebellum and premotor area of the cerebrum.
-All of these are correct.
-much of declarative (explicit) memory is lost through time.
