Chapter 12/13 Flashcards
loss of taste is ____ nerve damage
glossopharyngeal nerve
inability to speak is ____ nerve damage
vagus nerve
vision is ____ nerve damage
optic nerve fuzzy
loss of feeling in the forehead is ____ nerve damage
trigeminal nerve
limited ability to turn the neck is ____ nerve damage
accessory nerve
the brain and spinal cord
CNS
The largest and most advanced portion of the brain; divided into two hemispheres.
Cerebrum
the two divisions of the cerebrum
Cerebral Hemisphere
The crevice that runs along the length of the brain and divides the cerebral hemispheres.
Longitudinal fissure
The portion of the brain that controls skeletal muscle movement.
Cerebellum
Lower portion of the brain composed of the pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata.
brain stem
The portion of the central nervous system that passes through the vertebral column.
spinal cord
Long, striated muscle that is attached to the bone.
skeletal muscle
The ability of an organism to maintain relatively stable internal conditions while external conditions change.
homeostasis
A small region of the brain stem.
midbrain
The parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord; composed of nerves and ganglia.
PNS
A system that rapidly communicates information throughout the body; composed of the brain, the spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
Nervous system
Median nerve
Select one:
a. provides motor innervation to the biceps brachii
b. innervates two forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles
c. innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb
d. innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles
e. innervates the triceps brachii
c. innervates all but one of the flexor muscles of the forearm and most of the hand muscles near the thumb
If a person fell down the steps and then developed pain down his anterior thigh into the knee, which of the following spinal nerves was probably damaged?
Select one:
a. obturator
b. femoral
c. tibial
d. common fibular (peroneal)
e. pudendal
b. femoral
The branch of a spinal nerve that innervates deep muscles on the dorsal thorax is the
Select one:
a. ramus communicans.
b. lateral ramus.
c. dorsal ramus.
d. ventral ramus.
e. medial ramus.
c. dorsal ramus.
A
cervical enlargement
D
Cauda equina
E
filium terminale
C
conus medullar is
B
Spinal nerves
A
dorsal root
B
dorsal root ganglion
C
spinal nerve
D
ventral root
E
central canal
A reflex that helps prevent falls
Select one:
a. stretch reflex
b. golgi tendon reflex
c. withdrawal reflex
d. crossed extensor reflex
e. reciprocal innervation
d. crossed extensor reflex
Gamma motor neurons
Select one:
a. are located in tendons.
b. transmit action potentials to skeletal muscle.
c. regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.
d. enable the brain to perceive that a muscle has been stretched.
e. innervate the whole muscle.
c. regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.
The spinal cord ends at the
Select one:
a. sacrum.
b. coccyx.
c. 5th lumbar vertebrae.
d. 2nd lumbar vertebrae.
d. 2nd lumbar vertebrae.
Match the disorder with its description.
Sciatica
Select one:
a. pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg
b. stiffness in the neck and headache
c. inflammation of a nerve
d. pain along a nerve tract
e. loss of sensation
a. pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg
Neuritis
Select one:
a. pain radiating down the back of the thigh and leg
b. stiffness in the neck and headache
c. inflammation of a nerve
d. pain along a nerve tract
e. loss of sensation
c. inflammation of a nerve
A patient with a traumatic head injury may exhibit vomiting as a result of irritation of nuclei in the
Select one:
a. pons.
b. cerebellum.
c. medulla oblongata.
d. corpora quadrigemina.
e. midbrain.
c. medulla oblongata.
The Roman numerals assigned to each cranial nerve reflect
Select one:
a. the order of their discovery.
b. the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
c. their importance, with highest numbers being the most important.
d. the complexity of each nerve, with complex nerves having higher numbers.
e. the sequence from posterior to anterior in which they emerge from the brain.
b. the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
Tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of
Select one:
a. decussation fibers.
b. association fibers.
c. commissural fibers.
d. projection fibers.
e. pyramidal fibers.
c. commissural fibers.
Which of the following would help to determine if the oculomotor nerve was damaged?
Select one:
a. have the patient distinguish between green and red colors
b. determine if the patient can see anything
c. have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly
d. have the patient cry
e. determine if the patient still has night vision
c. have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly
When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determine the taste of the frosting?
Select one:
a. facial
b. trigeminal
c. hypoglossal
d. glossopharyngeal
e. abducens
a. facial
The mammillary bodies
Select one:
a. influence breast milk production.
b. produce reproductive hormones.
c. are involved in emotional responses to odors.
d. are found in the thalamus.
e. influence the onset of puberty.
c. are involved in emotional responses to odors.
Damage to branches of the _____ nerve can interfere with normal speech.
Select one:
a. facial
b. vagus
c. trigeminal
d. glossopharyngeal
e. abducens
b. vagus
What structures connect the cerebellum to the brainstem and allow communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the CNS?
Select one:
a. peduncles
b. commissures
c. funiculi
a. peduncles
The lateral fissure separates the _____ from the rest of the cerebrum.
Select one:
a. frontal lobe
b. parietal lobe
c. occipital lobe
d. temporal lobe
e. cerebellum
d. temporal lobe
Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?
Select one:
a. hypothalamus
b. midbrain
c. pons
d. thalamus
e. brainstem
a. hypothalamus
The spinal cord extends from the
-medulla oblongata to the coccyx.
-level of the third cervical vertebra to the coccyx.
-level of the axis to the lowest lumbar vertebra.
-level of the foramen magnum to the second lumbar vertebra.
-axis to the sacral hiatus.
-level of the foramen magnum to the second lumbar vertebra.
The structure that anchors the inferior end of the spinal cord to the coccyx is the
conus medullaris.
cauda equina.
filum terminale.
lumbar enlargement.
posterior median sulcus.
filum terminale.
Axons of sensory neurons synapse with the cell bodies of interneurons in the _____ of spinal cord gray matter.
anterior horn
lateral horn
posterior horn
gray commissure
lateral columns
posterior horn
Given these components of a reflex arc:
(1) effector organ
(2) interneuron
(3) motor neuron
(4) sensory neuron
(5) sensory receptor
Choose the correct order an action potential follows after a sensory receptor is stimulated.
5,4,3,2,1
5,4,2,3,1
5,3,4,1,2
5,2,4,3,1
5,3,2,1,4
5,4,2,3,1
A reflex response accompanied by the conscious sensation of pain is possible because of
convergent pathways.
divergent pathways.
a reflex arc that contains only one neuron.
sensory perception in the spinal cord.
divergent pathways.
Several of the events that occur between the time a physician strikes a patient’s patellar tendon with a rubber hammer and the time the quadriceps femoris contracts (knee-jerk reflex) are listed below:
(1) increased frequency of action potentials in sensory neurons
(2) stretch of the muscle spindles
(3) increased frequency of action potentials in the alpha motor neurons
(4) stretch of the quadriceps femoris
(5) contraction of the quadriceps femoris
Which of the following most closely describes the sequence of events as they normally occur?
4,1,2,3,5
4,1,3,2,5
1,4,3,2,5
4,2,1,3,5
4,2,3,1,5
4,2,1,3,5
________ are responsible for regulating the sensitivity of the muscle spindle.
Alpha motor neurons
Sensory neurons
Gamma motor neurons
Golgi tendon organs
Inhibitory interneurons
Gamma motor neurons
Which of these events occurs when a person steps on a tack with the right foot?
-The right foot is pulled away from the tack because of the Golgi tendon reflex.
-The left leg is extended to support the body because of the stretch reflex.
-The flexor muscles of the right thigh contract, and the extensor muscles of the right thigh relax because of reciprocal innervation.
-Extensor muscles contract in both thighs because of the crossed extensor reflex.
The flexor muscles of the right thigh contract, and the extensor muscles of the right thigh relax because of reciprocal innervation.
Damage to the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve results in
loss of sensation.
loss of motor function.
Both a and b are correct.
Both a and b are correct.
A collection of spinal nerves that join together after leaving the spinal cord is called a
ganglion.
nucleus.
projection nerve.
plexus.
plexus.
A dermatome
is the area of skin supplied by a pair of spinal nerves.
exists for each spinal nerve except C1.
can be used to locate the site of spinal cord or nerve root damage.
All of these are correct.
All of these are correct.
Which of these nerves arises from the cervical plexus?
median
musculocutaneous
phrenic
obturator
ulnar
phrenic
The skin on the posterior surface of the hand is supplied by the
median nerve.
musculocutaneous nerve.
ulnar nerve.
axillary nerve.
radial nerve.
radial nerve.
The sciatic nerve is actually two nerves combined within the same sheath. The two nerves are the
femoral and obturator.
femoral and gluteal.
common fibular (peroneal) and tibial.
common fibular (peroneal) and obturator.
tibial and gluteal.
common fibular (peroneal) and tibial.
he muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are supplied by the
obturator nerve.
gluteal nerve.
sciatic nerve.
femoral nerve.
ilioinguinal nerve.
femoral nerve.
Which of these parts of the embryonic brain is correctly matched with the structure it becomes in the adult brain?
mesencephalon—midbrain
metencephalon—medulla oblongata
myelencephalon—cerebrum
telencephalon—pons and cerebellum
mesencephalon—midbrain
To separate the brainstem from the rest of the brain, a cut would have to be made between the
medulla oblongata and pons.
pons and midbrain.
midbrain and diencephalon.
thalamus and cerebrum.
medulla oblongata and spinal cord.
midbrain and diencephalon
Important centers for heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting are located in the
cerebrum.
medulla oblongata.
midbrain.
pons.
cerebellum.
medulla oblongata.
In which part of the brain does decussation of descending tracts involved in the conscious control of skeletal muscles occur?
cerebrum
diencephalon
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata
The cerebral peduncles are a major descending motor pathway in the
cerebrum.
cerebellum.
pons.
midbrain.
medulla oblongata.
midbrain.
The superior colliculi are involved in ______, whereas the inferior colliculi are involved in_____ .
hearing, visual reflexes
visual reflexes, hearing
balance, motor pathways
motor pathways, balance
respiration, sleep
visual reflexes, hearing
The cerebellum communicates with other regions of the CNS through the
flocculonodular lobe.
cerebellar peduncles.
vermis.
lateral hemispheres.
folia.
cerebellar peduncles.
The major relay station for sensory input that projects to the cerebral cortex is the
hypothalamus.
thalamus.
pons.
cerebellum.
midbrain
thalamus.
The part of the diencephalon directly connected to the pituitary gland is the
hypothalamus.
epithalamus.
subthalamus.
thalamus.
hypothalamus.
Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?
regulates autonomic nervous system functions
regulates the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary
regulates body temperature
regulates food intake (hunger) and water intake (thirst)
All of these are correct.
All of these are correct.
The grooves on the surface of the cerebrum are called the
nuclei.
commissures.
tracts.
sulci.
gyri.
sulci.
Which of these areas is located in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex?
olfactory cortex
visual cortex
primary motor cortex
primary somatic sensory cortex
primary auditory cortex
primary somatic sensory cortex
Which of these cerebral lobes is important in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood?
frontal
insula
occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal
Fibers that connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are
projection fibers.
commissural fibers.
association fibers.
All of these are correct.
association fibers.
The basal nuclei are located in the
inferior cerebrum.
diencephalon.
midbrain.
All of these are correct.
All of these are correct.
The most superficial of the meninges is a thick, tough membrane called the
pia mater.
dura mater.
arachnoid mater.
epidural mater.
dura mater.
The ventricles of the brain are interconnected. Which of these ventricles are not correctly matched with the structures that connect them?
lateral ventricle to the third ventricle—interventricular foramina
left lateral ventricle to right lateral ventricle—central canal
third ventricle to fourth ventricle—cerebral aqueduct
fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space—median and lateral apertures
left lateral ventricle to right lateral ventricle—central canal
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the_____ , circulates through the ventricles, and enters the subarachnoid space. The cerebrospinal fluid leaves the subarachnoid space through the _____ .
choroid plexuses, arachnoid granulations
arachnoid granulations, choroid plexuses
dural venous sinuses, dura mater
dura mater, dural venous sinuses
choroid plexuses, arachnoid granulations
Water-soluble molecules of the blood plasma move across the blood-brain barrier by
diffusion.
endocytosis.
exocytosis.
symport.
filtration.
symport.
The cranial nerve involved in chewing food is the
trochlear (IV).
trigeminal (V).
abducens (VI).
facial (VII).
vestibulocochlear (VIII).
trigeminal (V).
The cranial nerve responsible for focusing the eye (innervating the ciliary muscle of the eye) is the
optic (II).
oculomotor (III).
trochlear (IV).
abducens (VI).
facial (VII).
oculomotor (III).
The cranial nerve involved in moving the tongue is the
trigeminal (V).
facial (VII).
glossopharyngeal (IX).
accessory (XI).
hypoglossal (XII).
hypoglossal (XII).
The cranial nerve involved in feeling a toothache is the
trochlear (IV).
trigeminal (V).
abducens (VI).
facial (VII).
vestibulocochlear (VIII).
trigeminal (V).
From this list of cranial nerves:
(1) olfactory (I)
(2) optic (II)
(3) oculomotor (III)
(4) abducens (VI)
(5) vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Select the nerves that are sensory only.
1,2,3
2,3,4
1,2,5
2,3,5
3,4,5
1,2,5
From this list of cranial nerves:
(1) trigeminal (V)
(2) facial (VII)
(3) glossopharyngeal (IX)
(4) vagus (X)
(5) hypoglossal (XII)
Select the nerves involved in the sense of taste.
1,2,3
1,4,5
2,3,4
2,3,5
3,4,5
2,3,4
From this list of cranial nerves:
(1) oculomotor (III)
(2) trigeminal (V)
(3) facial (VII)
(4) vestibulocochlear (VIII)
(5) glossopharyngeal (IX)
(6) vagus (X)
Select the nerves that are part of the parasympathetic division of the ANS.
1,2,4,5
1,3,5,6
1,4,5,6
2,3,4,5
2,3,5,6
1,3,5,6
Olfactory Nerve I
carries smell to brain
Optic Nerve II
brings visual info to brain
Oculomotor Nerve
eye movement, constriction of pupil
Trochlear Nerve IV
Eye movement
Trigeminal Nerve V
sensation to face, chewing
Abducens Nerve VI
eye movement
Facial Nerve VII
facial expression, taste sensation
Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII
hearing/balance/motion
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
swallowing, taste, oral cavity sensation
Vagus Nerve X
leaves head/neck region, taste, thorax/abdomen sensation
Accessory Nerve XI
movement of head and shoulders (traps)
Hypoglossal Nerve XII
tongue movements- speech and swallowing
