Chapter 1 Flashcards
blood clotting that increases because of the chemicals in a blood clot. _________ feedback
positive feedback
Increased heart rate during a heavy workout. _________
negative feedback
Release of insulin to speed up the transport of glucose out of the blood after a sugary meal. ________
negative feedback
Increased production of breast milk as baby eats more. _________
positive feedback
Low carbon dioxide level in the blood triggers the liver to release carbon dioxide. _________
negative feedback
Decreased blood pressure as the heart rate increases. _________
negative feedback
When blood pressure drops too low, the heart receives an inadequate amount of blood and can no longer pump blood to itself. _________
positive feedback
The ability of an organism to maintain relatively stable internal conditions while external conditions change.
homeostasis
A circle of communication within your body that helps cells maintain homeostasis; often consist of a receptor, a control center, and an effector.
feedback mechanism
A circle of communication that returns to the beginning to verify that the correct result has been achieved.
feedback loop
An attribute that changes in value as conditions change.
variable
The average or normal value a variables.
set point
A mechanism that instigates changes to help the body maintain homeostasis.
homeostatic mechanism
A mechanism that responds to a homeostatic imbalance but results in changes that amplify and repeat.
positive feedback mechanism
A mechanism that responds to and corrects a homeostatic imbalance.
negative feedback mechanism
A structure that detects changes caused by a stimulus.
receptor
A structure that establishes a set point and determines a response when a change occurs.
control center
A structure that effects change in the body to maintain homeostasis
effector
Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?
Select one:
a. histology
b. physiology
c. gross anatomy
d. radiology
e. regional anatomy
a. histology
A major limitation of radiographs is that they
Select one:
a. can only visualize bone.
b. give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body.
c. are old technology that do not give good results.
d. have very few applications.
b. give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body.
Anatomy is
Select one:
a. the study of function.
b. a branch of physiology.
c. the study of structure.
d. the study of living organisms.
e. the study of homeostasis.
c. the study of structure.
The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is
Select one:
a. cytology.
b. histology.
c. molecular biology.
d. microbiology.
e. surface anatomy.
a. cytology.
An anatomic image created from sound waves is a
Select one:
a. radiograph.
b. CT scan.
c. MRI.
d. sonogram.
d. sonogram
An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n)
Select one:
a. neurologist.
b. anatomist.
c. engineer.
d. physiologist.
e. histologist.
d. physiologist.
An organelle is
Select one:
a. a small structure within a cell.
b. a structure composed of several tissue types.
c. the basic structural unit of all living organisms.
d. a group of organs with a common set of functions.
e. a group of cells with similar structure and function.
a. a small structure within a cell.
What technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image of blood vessels?
Select one:
a. digital subtraction angiography
b. magnetic resonance imaging
c. dynamic spatial reconstruction
d. positron emission tomography
a. digital subtraction angiography
Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?
Select one:
a. histology
b. physiology
c. gross anatomy
d. radiology
e. cytology
c. gross anatomy
The study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures is
Select one:
a. systemic anatomy.
b. regional anatomy.
c. molecular biology.
d. microbiology.
e. surface anatomy.
e. surface anatomy.
The visceral pleura is
Select one:
a. a double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall.
b. the serous membrane that covers the lungs.
c. the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
d. space located between the visceral and parietal pleura.
e. the membrane that lines the pericardial sac.
b. the serous membrane that covers the lungs.
A
mediastinum
B
diaphragm
C
thoracic cavity
D
abdominal cavity
E
pelvic cavity
Which of the following is not a function of the control center within a feedback mechanism?
Select one:
a. receives and processes information
b. controls effectors
c. establishes a set point
d. detects a change in the value of a variable
d. detects a change in the value of a variable
The anatomical arm refers to the part of the upper limb from the
Select one:
a. shoulder to the wrist.
b. elbow to the wrist.
c. shoulder to the elbow.
d. elbow to the fingers.
e. shoulder to the fingers.
c. shoulder to the elbow.
Which body system would be affected by degeneration of cartilage in joints?
Select one:
a. muscular
b. nervous
c. cardiovascular
d. skeletal
e. lymphatic
d. skeletal
A
Right
B
Left
C
median
D
lateral
E
inferior (caudal)
The sural region is the
Select one:
a. calf.
b. armpit.
c. hollow behind the knee.
d. neck.
e. thigh.
a. calf.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of homeostatic variables?
Select one:
a. their values can change
b. they must remain within a narrow change
c. they always remain at a fixed value
c. they always remain at a fixed value
The cervical region is the
Select one:
a. calf.
b. armpit.
c. hollow behind the knee.
d. neck.
e. thigh.
d. neck.
A cut through the long axis of an organ is a(n)
Select one:
a. longitudinal section
b. oblique section
c. transverse section
a. longitudinal section
Physiology
deals with the processes or functions of living things.
is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures.
is concerned with organisms and does not deal with levels of organization, such as cells and systems.
recognizes the static (as opposed to the dynamic) nature of living things.
can be used to study the human body without considering anatomy.
deals with the processes or functions of living things.
The following are organizational levels for considering the body.
(1) cell
(2) chemical
(3) organ
(4) organ system
(5) organism
(6) tissue
Choose the correct order for these organizational levels, from simplest to most complex.
1,2,3,6,4,5
2,1,6,3,4,5
3,1,6,4,5,2
4,6,1,3,5,2
1,6,5,3,4,2
2,1,6,3,4,5
regulates other organ systems
endocrine system, nervous system ,
removes waste products from the blood; maintains water balance
urinary system
regulates temperature; reduces water loss; provides protection
integumentary system
removes foreign substances from the blood; combats disease; maintains tissue fluid balance
lymph system
produces movement; maintains posture; produces body heat
muscular system
produces movement; maintains posture; produces body heat
The characteristic of life that is defined as “all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism” is
development.
growth.
metabolism.
organization.
responsiveness.
metabolism.
The following events are part of a negative-feedback mechanism.
(1) Blood pressure increases.
(2) The control center compares actual blood pressure to the blood pressure set point.
(3) The heart beats faster.
(4) Receptors detect a decrease in blood pressure.
Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order they occur.
1,2,3,4
1,3,2,4
3,1,4,2
4,2,3,1
4,3,2,1
4,2,3,1
Which of these statements concerning positive feedback is correct?
Positive-feedback responses maintain homeostasis.
Positive-feedback responses occur continuously in healthy individuals.
Birth is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism.
When cardiac muscle receives an inadequate supply of blood, positive-feedback mechanisms increase blood flow to the heart.
Medical therapy seeks to overcome illness by aiding positive-feedback mechanisms.
Birth is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism
A term that means nearer the attached end of a limb is
distal.
lateral.
medial.
proximal.
superficial.
proximal.
Which of these directional terms are paired most appropriately as opposites?
superficial and deep
medial and proximal
distal and lateral
superior and posterior
anterior and inferior
superficial and deep
The part of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist is called the
arm.
forearm.
hand.
inferior arm.
lower arm.
forearm.
A patient with appendicitis usually has pain in the _______ quadrant of the abdomen.
left-lower
right-lower
left-upper
right-upper
right-lower
A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is a
frontal (coronal) plane.
sagittal plane.
transverse plane.
frontal (coronal) plane.
The lungs are
part of the mediastinum.
surrounded by the pericardial cavity.
found within the thoracic cavity.
separated from each other by the diaphragm.
surrounded by mucous membranes.
found within the thoracic cavity.
Given the following organ and cavity combinations:
(1) heart and pericardial cavity
(2) lungs and pleural cavity
(3) stomach and peritoneal cavity
(4) kidney and peritoneal cavity
Which of the organs is correctly paired with a space that surrounds that organ?
1,2
1,2,3
1,2,4
2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3
Which of the following membrane combinations are found on the superior and inferior surface of the diaphragm?
parietal pleura—parietal peritoneum
parietal pleura—visceral peritoneum
visceral pleura—parietal peritoneum
visceral pleura—visceral peritoneum
parietal pleura—parietal peritoneum
Which of the following organs are not retroperitoneal?
adrenal glands
urinary bladder
kidneys
pancreas
stomach
stomach
