Chapter 15 Fire Attack Flashcards by alex barthel

With what methods can fire attack be accomplished?

Fire attack can be accomplished by many different methods. These methods include Direct, Indirect, and Combination (Transitional) style of fire attack.

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What is direct attack

Simply put, when a fire stream is applied directly onto the burning fuel

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Fires can be controlled and extinguished in a safe and timely manner when you coordinate__________ __________ with proper __________.

direct attack
ventilation

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What is combination attack typically referred to as?

Transitional Fire Attack or Hard From The Yard

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What is the process and purpose of hitting it hard from the yard?

Ideally, spraying a straight stream into an opening for 10-30 seconds will significantly cool the environment of the structure and allow fire attack teams to enter an environment that is not superheated.

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What is the technique of a transitional attack from the interior of a structure and advancing on the seat of the fire

While on the inside of a structure and advancing on the seat of the fire, the technique of directing the Straight stream from a distance to the wall-ceiling-wall then closing the door is preferred to cool the environment if there is no opening for the hot gas or steam to escape.

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Once the __________ __________ __________ __________ and the nozzle shut down, the nozzle firefighter should apply water to any visible flame in the compartment.

gases have been cooled

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What care should be taken when applying a fog pattern through a window?

Care should be taken to limit air entrainment by ensuring the nozzle is placed inside the window.

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Any interior portion of a transitional attack should advance to the fire compartment as fast as possible what is the next steps upon reaching the fire compartment

determine if gases are once again burning or if visibility is limited. If so, they should apply a straight stream at a steep angle off the ceiling to coat most surfaces. If flames are visible the crew should apply water to any visible fire in the compartment.

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What are the 3 Steps to reading smoke

Compare the volume, velocity, density and colour of smoke coming from various openings.
Identify the factors that influence smoke.
Gauge the rate of change.

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What is the number 1 warning sign of impending flashover

Velocity or flow speed is the #1 warning sign

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What is black fire

“Black Fire”- is the term we give to high volume, high velocity, and extremely dense, black smoke. It is a sure indicator of an impending flashover. Treat black fire just as actual flames.

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What is the only option when encountering black fire

“aggressively cool and back out”

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Define fire stream/ Water stream

A fire stream can be defined as a stream of water or other extinguishing agent after it leaves a fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired point.

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What is a fog stream

As the name implies, fog streams are composed of very fine water droplets commonly known as fog patterns. Unlike solid stream nozzles, fog stream nozzles are adjustable. However, the fog stream has less forward velocity than the solid stream.

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5 Factors that will affect Fog Streams

Velocity
Gravity
Pattern
Air friction
Wind

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A stream is effective until it reaches the point where it loses forward velocity. This point, called
the __________

Breakover

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What is Breakover

Breakover, is the point at which the stream falls into showers of spray. The stream loses its original shape and cannot maintain the required height.

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The reach of a solid stream is affected by what 4 things

Air friction
Wind
Gravity
Velocity

What is the optimal angle for maximum horizontal reach

30 to 34 degrees

The maximum usable vertical reach of a fire stream is attained when the nozzle is at a?

75° (75 degree) angle.

During firefighting operations the 5 typical causes for defective hose streams are

Insufficient pressure
Excessive pressure
Defective tip (nozzle)
Air in the line
Kink in the line

What is the right nozzle pattern for interior fires

narrow fog for interior fires in a room that is not superheated; a straight stream to cool the atmosphere if superheated.

There are four indicators that let you know when a fire stream has been properly applied what are they?

Darkening Down
White Smoke or White Steam
Decreased Visibility
Rapid Temperature Fluctuation

What is the saying in the fire service related to hose advancement

“As the first line goes, so goes the fire!”

What side of the hose should the heel firefighter be on

same side of the hose 6-10 feet behind the nozzle firefighter

What are the 2 types of master stream devices used by EFRS

Deluge/Deck Gun and Quick Attack Monitor.

how much friction loss do all master stream appliances result in

175 kpa unit loss

what pressure does a deck gun operate at

550 kPa

on what trucks are the quick attack monitors located

Pumps, Ladders, and Tankers – pre-connected to 5 lengths of 65mm Attack hose - transverse bed (Ladders / Tankers and older pumps) Rear hose bed (Two Stage Pumps).

How many personnel are needed to operate a quick attack monitor

Can be used with one firefighter in place or left solo as long as it is secured.

What are the 3 flow setting for the quick attack monitor

950-1400-1900 LPM

What are the two types of exposures

Interior exposures Exterior Exposures

from what direction should you attack a vehicle fire

The crew should attempt to advance from uphill and upwind towards the vehicle at a 45 degree angle from the corners.

Most __________ fires are handled like a standard Class A fire. Most do not require the use of __________ for successful extinguishment.

Vehicle foam

What should you do if possible at a hybrid or fully electric vehicle fire

attempt to secure the vehicle by chocking wheels and turning off the ignition.

Describe Transitional Attack.

Transitional Attack – An Offensive fire attack initiated by an exterior indirect handline operation, into the fire compartment, using a straight stream, to initiate cooling while transitioning into interior direct fire attack in coordination with ventilation operations

Why use fog nozzles?

Fog streams can be adjusted to suit different circumstances and different amounts of water. They can absorb heat more rapidly than solid streams.

What is the primary nozzle used by EFRS and what is its flow?

Akron , 44mm Assault Nozzle 550 LPM @ 500 kPa

What are master stream appliances? And types?

A master stream appliance is a large caliber device used primarily for defensive strategies. Types are portable, fixed and elevated.

What are the two methods of attack for fire stream management?

Direct attack Indirect attack

List six guidelines to follow before entering a structure.

Make sure both the nozzle person and the backup firefighter are on the same side of the hoseline. Check the exterior door of the structure for heat before entering and be alert to the possibility of backdraft or flashover. Ensure that ventilation is ready to be set up. Bleed the air from the charged hoseline before entering the building. Ensure that you have the right nozzle pattern. Stay low and try not to block ventilation openings.

What should the attack team do outside while waiting to advance?

Bleed off any air in the hose and test the pattern and stream range in preparation. Size-up the structure.

List guidelines for attacking an enclosed structure fire.

Keep low. Stay to the side of the entrances. Do not open the hose nozzle until you encounter fire unless you need a protective stream. Direct the stream at the base of a localised fire. Use a modified fog stream only if adequate ventilation has been achieved. If you must back out of an area, keep the fire stream operating until everyone is in a safe area. Use your senses to pick out signals from the environment. E.g. a siren or air horn signals to evacuate immediately.

List guidelines for hose line selection.

(Amount of) fire load. Type of material/fuel involved. Volume of water required to extinguish the fire. Hose reach required. Number of firefighters available.

List some concerns with garage fires.

Fire Load and contents. Attached/ Detached. Access. Proximity to exposures.

List six guidelines for attacking a vehicle fire

Stage the emergency vehicle well away from hazards. Scene safety. Identify if (a) vehicle has TDG placards – is HAZMAT response necessary? Attempt to position a hoseline between vehicle and exposures. Attempt to approach upwind and uphill. Approach vehicle (vehicles) from the corners (45’ (45 degree) angle) to provide protection from potential injury. Extinguish fire near occupants first. Extinguish any ground fire. Extinguish remainder of fire. Ensure an adequate water supply. Foam application may be necessary. Gain access quickly and efficiently – remember “Try before you Pry”. Hood tent technique, piercing nozzle, fender well access