Chapter 14: Introduction (raw info)

Question 1

What organelle uses Oxidative Phosphorylation to burn food molecules to produce ATP?

Answer 1

Mitochondria

Question 2

How does Mitochondria produce ATP?

Answer 2

Using oxidative phosphorylation to burn food molecules to produce ATP

Question 3

What energy producing organelle is present in virtually all cells of animals, plants, and fungi?

Answer 3

Mitochondria

Question 4

What cells is Mitochondria present in?

Answer 4

animal, plants and fungi

Question 5

What organelle uses photosynthesis to harnesses solar energy in order to produce ATP?

Answer 5

Chloroplast

Question 6

How does Chloroplast produce ATP?

Answer 6

uses photosynthesis to harness solar energy to produce ATP

Question 7

What cells is Chloroplast present in?

Answer 7

plants and green algae

Question 8

What energy producing organelle is present in virtually all plants and green algae?

Answer 8

Chloroplast

Question 9

What is the most striking features of both mitochondria and chloroplasts in electron micrographs?

Answer 9

their extensive internal membrane systems

Question 10

What is the roll of membrane protein complexes in mitochondria and chloroplast found in internal membranes?

Answer 10

to harvest energy, and use the energy to catalyze more production of cell’s ATP

Question 11

Where are membrane protein complexs’ found in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 11

internal membrane

Question 12

What does comparison of DNA sequences suggest of present-day eukaryotes?

Answer 12

that the energy-converting of todays eukaryotes originated from prokaryotic cells that entered symbiotic relationships during evolution of eukaryotes.

Question 13

The majority of genes originally encoded in the prokaryotic genome apear to have been transferred to where over time?

Answer 13

to nuclear genome
genes encoded in prokaryotic genome—> nuclear genome

Question 14

What is Chemiosmotic coupling?

Answer 14

signifies a link between the chemical bond-forming rxn that generates ATP (“chemi”) and membrane transport processes (“osmotic”)

Question 15

What performs the chemiosmotic process which occurs in two linked stages?

Answer 15

Protein complexes embedded in the membrane

Question 16

How many membranes do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have?

Answer 16

2 - an outer and an inner membrane

Question 17

Where is the machinery for cellular respiration harbored?

Answer 17

The deep invaginations of the mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 18

Where is photosynthesis harbored in chloroplast?

Answer 18

the internal membrane system

Question 19

What occurs in stage 1 of chemiosmotic coupling?

Answer 19

High-energy electrons are transferred along as series of electron-transport protein complexes that form an [electron-transport chain] embedded in a membrane. Each electron transfer releases a small amount of energy that is used to pump protons (H+) and thereby generate a large [electrochemical gradient] across the membrane.
*electrochemical gradient provides a way of temporarily storing energy, and it can be harnessed to do useful work when ions flow back across the membrane.

Question 20

The following is what stage of chemiosmotic coupling:

Energy from either sunlight or the oxidation of food compounds is captured by special, membrane-embedded protein complexes to generate an electrochemical proton gradient across a membrane. The electrochemical gradient serves as a versatile energy store that drives energy-requiring reaction in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

Answer 20

Stage 1

Question 21

What occurs in stage 2 of chemiosmotic coupling?

Answer 21

The protons (H+) flow back down their electrochemical gradient through an elaborate membrane protein machine called [ATP synthase], which uses this energy to catalyze the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. This ubiquitous enzyme works like a turbine in the membrane, driven by a flow of protons, to synthesis ATP. In this way, energy derived from either food or sunlight in stage 1 is converted into the chemical energy of a phosphate bond in ATP.

Question 22

The following is what stage of chemiosmotic coupling:

An ATP synthase protein machine (yellow) embedded in the lipid bilayer of a membrane harnesses the electrochemical proton gradient across the membrane, using this energy to drive ATP synthesis. The red arrow shows the direction of proton movement through the ATP synthase.

Answer 22

Stage 2

Question 23

How do electrons move through protein complexes in biological systems?

Answer 23

Via tightly bound metal ions or other carriers that take up and release elections easily or by special small molecules that pick electrons up at one location and deliver them to another.

Question 24

What is a critical electron carrier for mitochondria?

Answer 24

NAD+, a water-soluble small molecule that takes up two electrons and one H+ derived from food molecules (fats and carbohydrates) to become NADH.

Question 25

What does NADH do in mitochondria?

Answer 25

Transfers elections from food-derived molecules to the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 26

Food derived molecules are transfered to the inner mitochondrial membrane by:

NADH
NAD+
ADP
ATP

Answer 26

NADH

Question 27

Elections from NADH are passed from one membrane protein complex to the next, each energy state being__________.

higher
lower

Answer 27

lower

Question 28

Electrons from NADH combine with what once they reach the final complex?

Answer 28

Molecular oxygen (O2) plus protons to produce water (H2O)

Question 29

What drives H+ pumps embedded in three different protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 29

Energy released at each step of NADH transfer. (electrons flowing down energy-rich NADH to low-energy eater molecules)

Question 30

Three complexes generate the proton gradient, or proton-motive force, harnessed by ATP synthase to produce what?

Answer 30

ATP- the molecule that serves as the universal energy currency throughout the cell.

Question 31

What are the two photosystems purpose?

Answer 31

To use the green pigment chlorophyll to capture light energy and power the transfer of electrons.

Question 32

What is the net result of the series of electron transfers in chloroplast?

Answer 32

In photosynthesis, electrons are taken from water (H2O) to produce oxygen (O2), and these electrons are used to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

Question 33

What is the net result of the series of electron transfers in mitochondria?

Answer 33

In mitochondria, electrons derived from food are transferred to oxygen (O2), with water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) being the final products.

Question 34

What does chloroplasts do with O2 and CO2?

Answer 34

Chloroplasts generate oxygen (O2) and take up carbon dioxide (CO2)

Question 35

What does mitochondria do with O2 and CO2?

Answer 35

Mitochondria consumes oxygen (O2) and releases carbon dioxide (CO2)

Question 36

Balancing O2 with CO2 and carbohydrate production with carbohydrate consumption is important to the earth why?

Answer 36

Because it is fundamental for producing a sustainable ecosystem. Plants provide the food for animals, and mitochondria and chloroplasts perform a complementary chemistry that creates balance.