Chapter 12: Random Question Dump COMPLETE Flashcards
An aggregation of proteins and other macromolecules that forms a liquid-liquid phase separation and is sometimes referred to as a membrane-less organelle is
a biological condensate
a lipid bilayer
a lipid droplet
the cytosol
A Biological Condensation
A transmembrane protein in the ER membrane has a domain facing the cytosol. If that protein is later in the Golgi membrane, what does it face?
cytosol
Golgi lumen
Cytosol
A transmembrane protein in the ER membrane has a domain facing the cytosol. If that protein is later in the plasma membrane, what does it face?
cytosol
extracellular space
Cytosol
A transmembrane protein in the ER membrane has a domain facing the ER lumen. If that protein is later in the plasma membrane, what does it face?
cytosol
extracellular space
Extracellular Space
Synthesis (translation) of proteins that will enter the ER lumen or the ER membrane begins
in the ER
in the nucleus
in the cytosol
In the Cytosol
Ubiquitination of misfolded proteins that had been translocated from the ER to the cytosol:
stabilizes the proteins and allows their re-entry to the ER
targets them to the proteasome for degradation
targets them to the proteasome for degradation
Even though phospholipids are synthesized in the cytosolic leaflet of the ER membrane, membrane lipids are rapidly flip-flopped to the non-cytosolic leaflet spontaneously by means of what?
by means of a “scramblase” lipid translocator
Which lipid distribution requires roles of specific flippases as opposed to a scramblase?
ER Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Proteins that are in the nucleus
were first synthesized by:
ribosomes in the nucleus
were synthesized in the cytosol and directed to the nucleus by interaction of other proteins with the nuclear localization signals (NLSs)
were synthesized in the cytosol and directed to the nucleus by interaction of other proteins with the nuclear localization signals (NLSs)
Mutation of the putative NLS in T-antigen protein
makes no difference in its normal nuclear localization
leaves it in the cytosol, where it was synthesized
leaves it in the cytosol, where it was synthesized
Ran GAPs, which stimulate hydrolysis of Ran-bound GTP so that Ran is in its Ran-GDP form, are mainly located in
the nucleus
the cytosol
the cytosol
Ran GEFs, which stimulate release of GDP from Ran, allowing Ran to bind a GTP and be in its Ran-GTP form are mainly in
the nucleus
the cytosol
the nucleus
Binding of Ran-GTP to a cargo-carrying importin causes release of the cargo. This would be likely to occur in
the nucleus
the cytosol
the nucleus
Ran-GTP bound to a cargo-less importin is likely to be trafficked
from the nucleus to the cytosol
from the cytosol to the nucleus
from the nucleus to the cytosol
Similarly, Ran-GTP bound to an exportin carrying cargo with a nuclear export signal (NES) is delivered
from the nucleus to the cytosol
from the cytosol to the nucleus
from the nucleus to the cytosol
All of this Ran cycling from the cytosol to the nucleus and back is made possible (in addition to trafficking of cargo-carrying Ran-GTP from the nucleus to the cytosol) by
delivery of cargo-less Ran-GDP from the cytosol to the nucleus
Ran-GDP bound to cargo being delivered from the cytosol to the nucleus
delivery of cargo-less Ran-GDP from the cytosol to the nucleus
If the activity of the phosphatase depicted here is blocked, what will be the localization of the protein (NF-AT)?
nuclear
cytosolic
cytosolic
If activity of the kinase depicted here is blocked, what will be the localization of the protein (NF-AT)?
cytosolic
nuclear
nuclear
A protein that lacks any localization motif, signal sequence, or targeting motif is synthesized by ribosomes in the cytosol. This protein will
remain in the cytosol
be trafficked randomly to any cellular or extracellular location
remain in the cytosol
What are cells that secrete peptides enriched with?
Rough ER Membrane
What are the 11 Major Intracellular Compartments apart of the membrane-bound organelles of an animal cell?
Nucleus, Nucleolus, Free Ribosome, Rough ER, Cytosol, Peroxisome, Lysosome, Endosome, Mitochondria, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus
What are the 10 Membranes apart of the membrane-bound organelles in a Eukaryotic cell?
Plasma membrane, Rough ER membrane, Smooth ER membrane, Golgi Apparatus membrane, Peroxisome membrane, Lysosome membrane, Nucleus inner membrane, Nucleus outer membrane, Secretory Vesicle membrane, Mitochondrial inner and outer membrane
What are Organelles?
Small structures and compartments of a cell that make up an animal cell.
“organs of the cell”
What is the Compartmentalization of a cell?
The boundaries around a specific microenvironment allowing for proper cell function.
What are Eukaryotic Cells?
Plant and Animal Cells with a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
What do both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have?
A cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material, Ribosome
What cells have Mitochondria?
Both Plant and Animal Cells
What cells have Chloroplast?
Only Plant Cells
What are the “Nos” of Prokaryotes?
No Nucleus, No Membrane-Bound Organelles
What evidence is the evidence of the Endosymbiosis Theory?
Both Mitochondria and Chloplast have 2 membranes, and they both have their own genome.
What is the Endosymbiosis Theory?
That eukaryotic cells derived from a prokaryotic cell. The cell engolfed Mitochondria and Chloroplast forming a eukaryotic cell.
What did Nuclear genome of eukaryotic cells appear to have evolved from?
Anaerobic Archaeon
What is Nuclear compartment topologically equivalent to?
Cytosol
What is the Cytosol topologically equivalent to?
Nuclear Compartment
What is ER Lumen topologically equivalent to?
Extracellular Space
What is the Extracellular Space topologically equivalent to?
ER Lumen
What is a Condensate?
A membraneless- organelle. It has liquid-to-liquid phase separation.
If a soluble protein is in the lumen of one compartment and is trafficked by a vesicle to a second compartment, where will it be?
In the lumen of the second compartment.
The nucleus is topologically equivalent to what?
The Cytosol
** The lumen of an endosome is topologically equivalent to what?
Lumen of the Er, Golgi, lysosome, and extracellular space
**What is the lumen of an endosome is NOT topologically equivalent to?
Cytosol
Membranless orgenelles are what?
Self Aggregating
Targeted
proteins have
signal
sequences do what?
direct proteins
to the correct
target organelle.
