Chapter 13 Flashcards
define pathogens
a disease causing agent
most deaths from infectious diseases- almost _____ percent are caused by handful of diseases
58%
73%
85%
90%
90%
what is an epidemic
disease outbreak that affects many people in a community or region at the same time
examples of epidemic
Black death (1300s)
example of pandemic or global epidemic
influenza (1918)
microorganism that coexist within a human host most of the time. Usually harmless for people in good health but if ill or have a compromised immune system it can cause serious health problems
exogenous microorganism
endogenous microorganism
endogenous microorganism
define exogenous microorganism
do not usually inhabit the body
when they do they are apt to produce an infection or illness
define virulent
strong enough to overcome host resistance and cause disease
if you come in contact with the cold or flu virus will you become sick
not necessarily especially if your immune system is strong enough
3 things that has helped canadians maintain their health
- Clean food and water
- Immunization
- health-care system
what is passive immunity? How can it occur?
natural occurring type of immunity that can also protect against the contraction of infectious disease
fetus receiving mothers’ antibodies through placenta
antibodies transferred into non-immune person blood stream
are most diseases caused by a single factor or multifactorial
multifactorial
3 things that need to happen for an infection to occur
- compromised host (genetics, age, smoking)
- disease causing agent (virulence, unique)
- hospitable environment (light, moisture, temp)
3 risk factors that you cannot control
hereditary: more likely to get disease if it runs in the family or chromosomal inheritance (sickle cell anemia). Risk can be reduced by regular physical activity, managing weight, engaging in physical activity
Aging: as we get older immune system become less efficient at responding to invading organism. Very young have comprised immune systems
Environmental conditions: Unsanitary conditions and presecens of drugs, chemicals, hazardous pollutants in food and water
what is sickle cell anemia
genetic disease resulting from chromosomal abnormalities commonly found in individuals of African descent
define immunological competence
ability of immune system to defend the body from pathogens
name risk factors you can control
- stress, depression, axiety
- inadequate dietary intake
- Low level of physical activity
- sedentary behaviour
- lack of sleep
6.misuse and abuse of drugs
define autinoculation
transmission of pathogen from one part of your body to another
e.g. hiv lip sore from touching your lips to rubbing your eye
5 routes of transmission
- direct and indirect contact
- autoinoculation
- airborne contact
- food borne infection, animal borne pathogens
- water born disease
define bacteria
single celled organisms that can cause disease in humans
what are the three major types of bacteria
cocci, bacilli, spirilla
approximately how many bacteria’s cause disease in humans
100
bacteria’s are not poisonous themselves it is the poisonous substance called ____ that causes various diseases
toxins
staphylcocci. where is it found? how does it cause an infection?
normal flora on skin
causes infection when there is a break in the skin
define epidermis
outermost layer of the skin
name on staph caused disorder talked about in the textbook
Toxic shock syndrome
toxic shock syndrome
potentially life threatening bacterial infection most common in menstruating women
when was TSS first reported?
1978
how to reduce likelihood of contracting toxic shock syndrome
- avoid super absorbent tampons except during heaviest menstrual flow
- change tampons frequently (at least every 4 hours)
- use pads at nights instead of tampons
symptoms of TSS
high fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, chills, stomach pains, rapid pulse, sunburn like rash (on finger and toes)
what does streptococci cause? characteristics?
strep throat: white or yellow pustules at back of throat
scarlet fever: acute fever, sore throat, rash
rheumatic fever: “lick the joints and bite the heart”
when was pneumonia the leading cause of death in North America
1900s
characteristics of pneumonia
high fever, chest pains, chills, chronic cough, fluid accumulation
is it harder to treat pneumonia caused by bacteria or by viruses, chemicals, or other substances in the lungs
caused by bacteria
define pneumonia
disease of the lungs, usually caused by bacteria
