Chapter 12 Vocabulary

Question 1

Voltaire

Answer 1

wrote volumes of literature, to describe, and endorse, enlightenment ideals

Question 2

first estate

Answer 2

The upper tier of the French social ladder which included arch Bishops and bishops.

Question 3

second estate

Answer 3

middle level of French society before the French revolution; contained the Aristocrats

Question 4

third estate

Answer 4

Lowest level of French society before the French revolution, so; contains the middle-class, artist, townsmen, and peasants

Question 5

estates-general

Answer 5

An assembly composed of representatives of the three states, and pre-revolutionary France; the only political body in France which the authority to reform the tax system

Question 6

Louis XIV

Answer 6

French ruler during the political and financial collapse that led to the French revolution; husband of Mary Antoninette

Question 7

Marie Antoinette

Answer 7

Political and financial collapse occurred during her rain; Wife of Lewis Xvi

Question 8

national assembly

Answer 8

Numbers of the third state in the French revolution, who who convened signed the tennis court oath in the decloration of the rights of man

Question 9

declaration of the rights of man

Answer 9

Document signed by the national assembly in 1789; demanded the end of many abuses suffered by the French people and advocated ideals, such as not doing anything that harms others

Question 10

committee of public safety

Answer 10

Committee to manage the government that gained absolute authority in revolutionary France

Question 11

reign of terror

Answer 11

A period of mass executions during the French revolution

Question 12

directory

Answer 12

A five-man committee formed the new government of France after the reign of terror

Question 13

napoleon bonaparte

Answer 13

Took advantage of the chaos in France and uses power to take control of the government

Question 14

first consul

Answer 14

The position Napoleon used to become dictator of France

Question 15

code napoleon

Answer 15

Results of the codification of French law

Question 16

Waterloo

Answer 16

site of the battle, in which the armies of Persia and Britain defeated Napoleon and his forces

Question 17

nationalism

Answer 17

Intense devotion and loyalty to one’s people and country

Question 18

great powers

Answer 18

Major European nations

Question 19

zollverein

Answer 19

conomic union of German states in the 19th century that resulted in German unification

Question 20

Wilhelm I

Answer 20

King of Persia, and later the 1st king in Germany

Question 21

Otto von Bismarck

Answer 21

Appointed by king, William, I, as the chancellor of Persia; became the driving force behind political unification of the German states

Question 22

risorgimento

Answer 22

Resurgence; contributed to the Italian movement for nationalism

Question 23

Giuseppe Mazzini

Answer 23

Italian that formed a group called young Italy, for the purpose of accomplishing Italian unification

Question 24

young italy

Answer 24

Italian nationalist group, founded by gypsy Mazzini

Question 25

Camillo di Cavour

Answer 25

Proved to be the most successful at uniting Italy; Prime Minister of the kingdom of Sardina

Question 26

Giuseppi Garibaldi

Answer 26

Formed an army known as the redshirts and conquered the island of Sicily in 1860

Question 27

Victor Emmanuel II

Answer 27

King of Sardina, who became the 1st king of the united Italy in 1861