Chapter 12 - The Terror & Executions, Influence Of Sans-culottes Flashcards
How many victims was there of the Terror between 1792 - 94?
How many were guillotined?
40,000
17,000
How did the symbol of the newly-adopted guillotine change during the Terror?
‘Humane’ method of execution
Symbol of oppression: disappearance of early rev ideals
What caused the Terror to accel Sep - Dec 1793
How did the Terror accel?
Convention declared must destroy enemies or would destroy Republic
Nos brought before Rev Tribunal increase: 260 to 500,000
Guillotine: 66 to 180 (just in Paris)
What were the show trials?
From Oct 1793
Prominent people put on trial: aristocrats
Only 9% executions aristocrats & 7% clergy in this phase
What were the show trials a response to?
Sans-culotte pressure for desire for blood
Raised by king execution & political agitators: Hebert
when was Marie Antoinette put before the rev tribunal?
What was she accused of?
14 October 1793
Orgies
Squandering gov money
Conspiracy against internal & external state security
Sharing intelligence w/ enemy
Incest w/ son
When was Marie Antoinette executed?
What was she found guilty of?
16 October 1793
All but incest with son
What happened to the 21 expelled Girondin leaders?
24 October 1793
Trial a foregone conclusion
31 Oct guillotined in space of 36 minutes
Valaze stabbed self when herd verdict, dead body executed
What happened to most of the remaining Girondins who escaped Paris?
Captured & guillotined or suicide
When was the duc d’Orleans executed?
Why?
6 November 1793
Supported rev & Republic
But
Son’s friendship with Dumouriez
Links with royal fam
When was Madame Roland executed?
Why?
8 November 1793
Salonniere
Wife of disgraced Girondin minister Roland (fled)
What was used to justify an intense campaign across the departements & the deaths of ‘ordinary’ citizens?
10 Oct speech by Saint-Just in name of CPS
Provisional gov of France is rev until peace
What were comites de surveillance?
Local watch committees
To monitor residents
What were armees revolutionnaires?
Rev armies of 40,000 men
Clamp down on federalist & counter-rev activity across country
What were representants-en-mission?
Representatives-on-mission
Ensure loyalty & functioning of departements
See public order was maintained
Arrest suspects
Morale of troops
Ensure loyalty of generals
What did the campaign across the departements on the ‘ordinary’ citizens use?
Comites de surveillance
Armees revolutionnaires
Committee of General Security spies & agents
Representants-en-mission to pursue ‘rev justice’
What were the worst affected areas of the campaign across the departements on the ‘ordinary’ citizens?
Why?
Vendee
Areas of the Federalist revolt
Officials took into own hands instead of CPS
Who was the representant-en-mission in the Vendee?
How many were guillotined?
Shot without trial?
Mass drowned in River Loire?
Jean-Baptiste Carrier
7,873
Many more
2,000
Who directed the suppression of Toulon (Federalist revolt)?
How many prisoners were killed?
Paul Barras & Stanislas Freron
700-800
What was dechristianisation?
Who led the dechristianisation campaign?
Removing Christianity from French society
Hebert (sans-culottes)
When was the new Republican calendar created?
What was this day known as?
22 September 1793
Day 1, year 1
First day of the Republic
What names were changed during dechristianisation?
Street names with religious connotations
What was closed down during dechristianisation?
What happened to Notre Dame?
Churches
Renames Temple of Reason
What happened to priests during dechristianisation?
Could be deported if denounced by 6 citizens
Who carried out dechristianisation?
Representatives-en-mission carried out continuous campaign of religious terror from Sep 1793
What were Robespierre’s attitudes towards dechristianisation?
Feared would make enemies of rev
Faith could be ally if used in a diff way
