Chapter 12 - The Terror & Executions, Influence Of Sans-culottes

Question 1

How many victims was there of the Terror between 1792 - 94?
How many were guillotined?

Answer 1

40,000
17,000

Question 2

How did the symbol of the newly-adopted guillotine change during the Terror?

Answer 2

‘Humane’ method of execution
Symbol of oppression: disappearance of early rev ideals

Question 3

What caused the Terror to accel Sep - Dec 1793
How did the Terror accel?

Answer 3

Convention declared must destroy enemies or would destroy Republic
Nos brought before Rev Tribunal increase: 260 to 500,000
Guillotine: 66 to 180 (just in Paris)

Question 4

What were the show trials?

Answer 4

From Oct 1793
Prominent people put on trial: aristocrats
Only 9% executions aristocrats & 7% clergy in this phase

Question 5

What were the show trials a response to?

Answer 5

Sans-culotte pressure for desire for blood
Raised by king execution & political agitators: Hebert

Question 6

when was Marie Antoinette put before the rev tribunal?
What was she accused of?

Answer 6

14 October 1793
Orgies
Squandering gov money
Conspiracy against internal & external state security
Sharing intelligence w/ enemy
Incest w/ son

Question 7

When was Marie Antoinette executed?
What was she found guilty of?

Answer 7

16 October 1793
All but incest with son

Question 8

What happened to the 21 expelled Girondin leaders?

Answer 8

24 October 1793
Trial a foregone conclusion
31 Oct guillotined in space of 36 minutes
Valaze stabbed self when herd verdict, dead body executed

Question 9

What happened to most of the remaining Girondins who escaped Paris?

Answer 9

Captured & guillotined or suicide

Question 10

When was the duc d’Orleans executed?
Why?

Answer 10

6 November 1793
Supported rev & Republic
But
Son’s friendship with Dumouriez
Links with royal fam

Question 11

When was Madame Roland executed?
Why?

Answer 11

8 November 1793
Salonniere
Wife of disgraced Girondin minister Roland (fled)

Question 12

What was used to justify an intense campaign across the departements & the deaths of ‘ordinary’ citizens?

Answer 12

10 Oct speech by Saint-Just in name of CPS
Provisional gov of France is rev until peace

Question 13

What were comites de surveillance?

Answer 13

Local watch committees
To monitor residents

Question 14

What were armees revolutionnaires?

Answer 14

Rev armies of 40,000 men
Clamp down on federalist & counter-rev activity across country

Question 15

What were representants-en-mission?

Answer 15

Representatives-on-mission
Ensure loyalty & functioning of departements
See public order was maintained
Arrest suspects
Morale of troops
Ensure loyalty of generals

Question 16

What did the campaign across the departements on the ‘ordinary’ citizens use?

Answer 16

Comites de surveillance
Armees revolutionnaires
Committee of General Security spies & agents
Representants-en-mission to pursue ‘rev justice’

Question 17

What were the worst affected areas of the campaign across the departements on the ‘ordinary’ citizens?
Why?

Answer 17

Vendee
Areas of the Federalist revolt
Officials took into own hands instead of CPS

Question 18

Who was the representant-en-mission in the Vendee?
How many were guillotined?
Shot without trial?
Mass drowned in River Loire?

Answer 18

Jean-Baptiste Carrier
7,873
Many more
2,000

Question 19

Who directed the suppression of Toulon (Federalist revolt)?
How many prisoners were killed?

Answer 19

Paul Barras & Stanislas Freron
700-800

Question 20

What was dechristianisation?
Who led the dechristianisation campaign?

Answer 20

Removing Christianity from French society
Hebert (sans-culottes)

Question 21

When was the new Republican calendar created?
What was this day known as?

Answer 21

22 September 1793
Day 1, year 1
First day of the Republic

Question 22

What names were changed during dechristianisation?

Answer 22

Street names with religious connotations

Question 23

What was closed down during dechristianisation?
What happened to Notre Dame?

Answer 23

Churches
Renames Temple of Reason

Question 24

What happened to priests during dechristianisation?

Answer 24

Could be deported if denounced by 6 citizens

Question 25

Who carried out dechristianisation?

Answer 25

Representatives-en-mission carried out continuous campaign of religious terror from Sep 1793

Question 26

What were Robespierre’s attitudes towards dechristianisation?

Answer 26

Feared would make enemies of rev
Faith could be ally if used in a diff way