Chapter 11 - Progress Of The War & Levee En Mass

Question 1

Who was Jean Paul Marat?

Answer 1

Part of National Convention
Journalist
Radical
Jacobin

Question 2

Why was Marat murdered?

Answer 2

Jacobin - revolution under threat, expose & execute traitors
Ousting of Girondins angered supporter, Charlotte Corday

Question 3

How was Marat painted in his painting?
What was the list he held in his hand?
Who painted it?

Answer 3

Victim, but one of the Jacobins responsible for the executions & September massacres
Lists of potential enemies or more propaganda publications
Jacques Louis David

Question 4

What was Jacques Louis David’s other famous painting?

Answer 4

Tennis Court Oath, September 1792

Question 5

How was Jacques Louis David’s painting of Marat a lie?

Answer 5

Painted as victim
Clear skin but he had an illness & was green with decomposition

Question 6

What happened to Davide in the aftermath of the terror?

Answer 6

Robespierre killed then they went after Davide as a tyrant
Imprisoned
Eventually let out & does unpolitical paintings until becomes Napoleon’s propaganda painter

Question 7

What was going on in the Republic as the military situation continued to deteriorate?
What did this increase?

Answer 7

Revolt in the Vendee (from March 1793)
Federalist Revolt (from June 1793)
Sense of fear & urgency in Parisian sans-culottes

Question 8

What led to the decree for a levee en mass?

Answer 8

Sense of fear & urgency in Parisian sans-culottes due to bad military situation
Demanded people able to rise up against enemies
Demanded retribution on military generals who betrayed people’s trust

Question 9

What was the levee en mass?

Answer 9

23 August 1793
All French people on permanent requisition for armies

Question 10

What did the levee en mass entail?

Answer 10

All men aged 18-25 without dependants
Married men: forge weapons & transport supplies
Women: hospitals & make tents
Children: shred linen for lint
The old: morale in public squares

Question 11

Who proposed the levee en mass?

Answer 11

Bertrand Barere
In name of Committee of public safety

Question 12

Why was calling only young men tactical in the levee en mass?

Answer 12

France needed weapons & supplies more than men

Question 13

How did Lazare Carnot aid the levee en mass?

Answer 13

Carries out the legislation
Created a commission of technicians & scientists
Supp development of telegraph (communication w war)

Question 14

How was the manufacturing process improved?

Answer 14

Process to increase supply of gunpowder
Manuals on how to manufacture steel
Weapons manufacture in Paris, October 1793
Naval defences reorganised

Question 15

What was the extent of France’s army by 1794 after the levee en mass?

Answer 15

Over 1 million men in arms
14 armies well trained & supplied

Question 16

What were representants-en-mission

Answer 16

Kept morale
Made sure troops & generals remained loyal

Question 17

What became a crime to encourage battle victories?

Answer 17

Military defeat
Failure to follow through a victory

Question 18

How did generals change in the French army?

Answer 18

Aristocratic or Ancien Regime generals replaced by younger, committed to rev, roturier (not noble)

Question 19

How many generals were executed in 1793?

Answer 19

17
general Custine (accused of passing secrets to enemy)

Question 20

How did army uniform change?

Answer 20

White linked to Ancien Regime
Replaced by
Blue of volunteers

Question 21

What 4 events drove French enemy armies back?

Answer 21

Sep, siege of Dunkirk lifted
Oct, Battle of Wattingies won
Drove back armies on Pyrenees & Alpine frontier
Internal counter-revs & Federalist revolt

Question 22

By the end of 1793, huge French war effort & what drove the invaders back?

Answer 22

Lack of coordination amongst 1st coalition