Chapter 11 Part III (QUIZ cont.) Flashcards
MC locations of malaria
asia
africa
malaria is a _____ infection; the most important species of infection is ______
protozoan
plasmodium falciparum
all forms of malaria are transmitted by ____ ANOPHELES ______ and ___ are the sole reservoir
female anopheles mosquito
humans
mosquito feeds on human blood –> infects ___ cells –> multiplies in ______ –> ____ attack RBC
liver cells
blood
merozoites
showers of merozoites are released ____ hours after infection
48 hours
increase in hemoglobin in urine due to falciparum malaria is called
blackwater fever
features of malaria
episodic shaking chills & fever (shower) vomiting sweating hemoglobinuria renal failure jaundice splenomegaly headache
CNS involvement, seizures, convulsions, coma/death
may be lethal within days
cerebral malaria
______ includes anemias that are caused by an inadequate dietary supply of nutrients, particularly iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12
anemias of diminished erythropoiesis
____ deficiency is MC cause of anemia ad MC nutritional deficiency
iron deficiency
80% of iron is store in ______ in liver, spleen, marrow, skeletal muscle
hemoglobin
iron is transported via ______ and regulated by _______
transferrin (serum ferritin)
dietary absorption
reduced iron stores –> depletion of _____ –> reduced ______ –> ANEMIA
serum ferritin
hemoglobin synthesis
cells appear ____ & _____ with iron deficiency anemia
microcytic
hypochromic
poor bioavailability with DECREASE dietary intake is MC in _______ ; CHRONIC blood loss is MC in ______
developing nations
developed nations
sources of chronic blood loss is ___ & _____
GI tract (ulcers, colon CA, hemorrhoids, celiac, UC) female genital tract
iron deficiency anemia is MC _____ or mild; symptoms include _____, pale skin, lack of energy, _____ cognition, ___ immunity – treatment is _______
asymptomatic fatigue impaired decreased iron supplementation
megaloblastic anemia is a deficiency of what 2 things
folate (folic acid, B9) vit B12 (cobalamin)
deficiencies of folate and vit B12 produce
megaloblasts
macrocytes appear ____ & _____
macrocytic
hyperchromic
decrease RBC (anemia) decrease WBCs (leukopenia) decrease platelets (thrombocytopenia)
pancytopenia
diminished erythropoiesis that is rare and caused by poor diet, and increased metabolism especially in elderly, pregnant, alcoholism, celiac
folate deficiency anemia
folic acid is denatured _____ MINS after cooking
10-15 mins
features of folate deficiency anemia
insidious
fatigue
weakness
sore tongue
diagnosis of folate deficiency anemia is by _____ in peripheral blood, decrease serum folate & normal _______
macrocytes
vit B12
AKA pernicious anemia
vit B12 deficiency anemia
vit important for DNA synthesis and maintenance of PNS and spinal cord
vit B12
MC cause of b12 deficiency is ____; gastric mucosal atrophy and MC in _____
chronic malabsorption
elderly
features of vit B12 deficiency
fatigue pale skin weakness neuropathy - CNS & PNS (symmetric) numbness, tingling, burning
diagnosis of vit B12 def anemia
decrease serum b12
normal folate
_____ recovery is unlikely with vit B12 def anemia and increases risk of ____ carcinoma
neuropathy
gastric
MC form of anemia in hospitalized patients
anemia of chronic diseases
anemia of chronic diseases arises from _________
systemic inflammation (different than other anemia, which comes from decrease erythropoiesis)
(3) chronic inflammatory disease that leads to anemia of chronic diseases
microbial infections
immune disorders
neoplasia
features of anemia of chronic diseases (3)
decrease iron-binding capacity
increase storage in marrow
increase serum ferritin
anemia that arises from suppression of myeloid stem cells that leads to BONE MARROW FAILURE
1/2 are idiopathic = WORSE PROGNOSIS
aplastic anemia
the bone marrow in APLASTIC anemia is considered ______, with INCREASED _____
hypocellular
fat
aplastic anemia has DECREASED in (3) things and is termed _____
decreased RBC, WBC, platelets
pancytopenia
in cases of aplastic anemia that aren’t not idiopathic, the cause is ______ agents - ADRs, toxins or viral infxn
myelotoxic agents
___ cells are important in aplastic anemia because they attack marrow
T cells
features of aplastic anemia
anemia (weakness, pallor, dyspnea)
reticulocytopenia
thrombocytopenia (decrease platelets)
granulocytopenia (infection, fever, chills)
one feature that differentiates aplastic anemia from myelophthisic anemia is that it does NOT cause ______
aplastic anemia does NOT cause splenomegaly
treatment for aplastic anemia is _____ and ___% of people respond; transfusions or marrow transplants may be done
immunosuppressive meds
80%
anemia that is caused by extensive infiltration of bone marrow
myelophthisic anemia
myelophthisic anemia MC metastasizes to ____, most people have chronic _____ and thrombocytopenia
bone
granulomatous disease
RBCs in myelophthisic anemia are ______ or ____ shaped
dacrocytes
teardrop
