Chapter 10 Vocab Flashcards
Fallow
A field left unplanted for a time, allowing the soil to recover some of its marital fertility
Agricultural improvements
By the 1000s, increased trade was available in towns, fueled by better ways of farming, like iron bladed plows pulled by draft animals, horseshoes, and industries like creating textiles form wool- more food = population growth
Three-field system
A system of crop rotation planting winter and spring crops in 1 fields, leaving one field fallow— this protected farmers from starvation if one crop failed
Cistercian monastaries
An order of monks during the 1200s that brought huge areas of land under cultivation for the first time, And introduced sheep farming and wool production
Guild
A group of workers practicing the same craft who joined together to protect their economic interests and regulate business
Bills of exchange
As trade increased as a result of the Crusades, merchants needed to transfer large sums of money across long distances — merchant bankers allowed them to deposit money in a bank in one city and withdraw the money in a different city . This banking system made many Italian families rich, especially in cities like Florence
Medicant order
A new form of Christianity in the 1200s featuring mendicants(beggars who owned no property)who fought heresy and preached to ordinary people – EX: Saint Fancis of Assisi, who established the Francisan order
University
Schools, or groups of schools, that train scholars at the highest levels — the church was the original source of learning, to train priests, but expanded to provide further education fueled by knowledge acquired during the Crusades
Natural law
Unlike human-made law, natural law does not change over time or from one society to another - Thomas Aquitaine believed natural laws could be discovered through human reason,and that both faith and reason come from God
Hundred Years’ War
Conflict between England and France form 1337 to 1453, beginning when Edward III of England claimed the throne of France - weapons developed during this time (guns and cannons) ended the age of Knights and castles — new sense of nationalism
Joan of Arc
French woman, later named a saint, who led French soldiers into battle in the early 1400s and decisively turned the Hundred Years’ War against the English, who burned her at the stake as a heretic
Bubonic plague
Epidemic of a deadly infection, spared from Asia by fleas on rats through trade, that began 10 years into the Hundred Years’ War and killed tens of millions, up to one- third of all Europeans, between 1347 and 1352
Black Death
The bubonic plague of Europe came to be known by this name
Scapegoats
People who are blamed for a problem they did not cause – many Jews were exiled or killed across Europe because they were falsely accused of causing or spreading the plague
Peasants’ Revolt
One effect of the bubonic plague was that there were so few workers left alive that manor lords tried to restrict the wages and movements of serfs, who responded by killing lords and burning manors - feudalism never recorded
