2nd Chapter 11 key terms

Question 1

heliocentric theory

Answer 1

the theory that places the sun at the center of the universe

Question 2

heresy

Answer 2

a belief that is rejected by official Church doctrine

Question 3

inductive reasoning

Answer 3

the process of looking at specific facts and making general principles or rules based on those facts

Question 4

scientific method

Answer 4

a method of using observation, experiments, and careful reasoning to gain new knowledge

Question 5

natural rights

Answer 5

rights that belong to all people at birth

Question 6

separation of powers

Answer 6

the theory of dividing government power between more than one branch of government

Question 7

social contract

Answer 7

an unwritten agreement between people and their government that assumes rights and duties for each

Question 8

tolerance

Answer 8

willingness to respect different beliefs and customs

Question 9

feminism

Answer 9

the idea that women should enjoy the same rights as men

Question 10

cottage industry

Answer 10

business that uses people who work at home with their own equipment

Question 11

sir Frances Bacon

Answer 11

English philosopher, argued that scientists should rely on their own observations and experiments to explain the laws of nature. He developed the use of inductive reasoning

Question 12

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 12

Polish astronomer who introduced heliocentric theory based on his observations of the sun, moon, and stars.

Question 13

René Descartes

Answer 13

French philosopher who thought it was necessary to question everything except ideas that were certain beyond doubt

Question 14

Galileo Galilee

Answer 14

Italian mathematician who proved Copernicus’s heliocentric theory by recording observations through a telescope he built. The Church put him under house arrest for heresy. He also disproved Aristotle’s theory on gravity by dropping 2 objects of different weights off The leaning tower of pisa - they fell at the same speed

Question 15

Johannes Kepler

Answer 15

German astronomer, used mathematics to prove the Earth revolves around the sun. he discovered the laws that describe the movement of planets in the solar system

Question 16

Sir Isaac Newton

Answer 16

English mathematician who discovered laws of gravity, light, mathematics, and motion. legend says when an apple fell from a tree he realized it was acting on the same force that holds the moon in its orbit

Question 17

john locke

Answer 17

English philosopher, believed that people are basically rational and reasonable, and have the ability to control their own lives. also believed people have natural rights belonging to all since birth.

Question 18

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 18

French thinker, strongly criticized monarchs; he called for a separation of power among 3 branches of government- each branch limiting the powers of the other 2, called “checks and balances”

Question 19

rationalism

Answer 19

the belief that knowledge is gained by things through using reason