2nd Chapter 11 key terms Flashcards
heliocentric theory
the theory that places the sun at the center of the universe
heresy
a belief that is rejected by official Church doctrine
inductive reasoning
the process of looking at specific facts and making general principles or rules based on those facts
scientific method
a method of using observation, experiments, and careful reasoning to gain new knowledge
natural rights
rights that belong to all people at birth
separation of powers
the theory of dividing government power between more than one branch of government
social contract
an unwritten agreement between people and their government that assumes rights and duties for each
tolerance
willingness to respect different beliefs and customs
feminism
the idea that women should enjoy the same rights as men
cottage industry
business that uses people who work at home with their own equipment
sir Frances Bacon
English philosopher, argued that scientists should rely on their own observations and experiments to explain the laws of nature. He developed the use of inductive reasoning
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish astronomer who introduced heliocentric theory based on his observations of the sun, moon, and stars.
René Descartes
French philosopher who thought it was necessary to question everything except ideas that were certain beyond doubt
Galileo Galilee
Italian mathematician who proved Copernicus’s heliocentric theory by recording observations through a telescope he built. The Church put him under house arrest for heresy. He also disproved Aristotle’s theory on gravity by dropping 2 objects of different weights off The leaning tower of pisa - they fell at the same speed
Johannes Kepler
German astronomer, used mathematics to prove the Earth revolves around the sun. he discovered the laws that describe the movement of planets in the solar system
Sir Isaac Newton
English mathematician who discovered laws of gravity, light, mathematics, and motion. legend says when an apple fell from a tree he realized it was acting on the same force that holds the moon in its orbit
john locke
English philosopher, believed that people are basically rational and reasonable, and have the ability to control their own lives. also believed people have natural rights belonging to all since birth.
Baron de Montesquieu
French thinker, strongly criticized monarchs; he called for a separation of power among 3 branches of government- each branch limiting the powers of the other 2, called “checks and balances”
rationalism
the belief that knowledge is gained by things through using reason
