Ch. 12 key terms Flashcards
reformation
a religious movement that began in the 1500s to reform the Catholic church
recant
to withdraw or take back
sect
a subgroup of a major religious group
predestination
the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation
theocracy
a government run by religious power
counter reformation
a movement to strengthen the teachings and structure of the Catholic Church
Jesuits
a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, also known as the Society of Jesus
council of Trent
a series of meetings called in 1545 to find ways to revive the moral authority of the Catholic Church and stop the spread of the Protestantism
ghetto
separate section of a city where members of minority group are forced to live
annulment
an official act ending a marriage
act of Supremacy
the 1534 act that made the king of England the leader of the Church of England
huguenot
a french prostestant
edict
an official public order made by a king or other authority
Spanish armada
a fleet of warships
federalism
a form of government in which power is shared between local and national levels
Henry V
English; led two successful invasions of France during the Hundred Years’ war, cheering his outnumbered troops to victory at the 1415 battle of Agincourt and eventually securing full control of the French throne. he was the first king of England since the Norman invasion to use English as his primary language. His predecessors had all preferred french
Hundred Years’ War
a destructive war between France and England that lasted from 1337-1453
Joan of Arc
French woman, later named a saint, who led French soldiers into battle in the early 1400s and decisively turned the Hundred Years’ War against the English, who burned her at the stake as a heretic
Tudor dynasties
An English royal dynasty of Welsh origin, which gave five sovereigns to England: Henry VII, his son, Henry VIII, followed by Henry VIII’s three children, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I
Henry VIII
ruled in England for 36 years, presiding over sweeping changes that brought his nation into the Protestant Reformation. He famously married a series of 6 wives in his search for political alliance, marital bliss and a healthy male heir. His desire to annul his first marriage without papal approval led to the creation of a separate Church of England. Of his marriages, two ended in annulment, two in natural deaths, and two with his wives’ beheadings for adultery and treason. His children, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I, would take their turn as England’s monarch
Mary I
The only child of King Henry VIII and his first wife to survive into adulthood. She took the throne in 1553, reigning as the first queen regnant of England and Ireland. Seeking to return England to the Catholic Church, she persecuted Protestants.
Elizabeth I
the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Her reign was one of the more constructive periods in English History: Her religious compromise laid many fears to rest.
Phillip II
the king of Spain from 1556 to 1598 and of Portugal from 1581 to 1598. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also King of England and Ireland. His empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including the Netherlands and the Philippine Islands. During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. A devout Catholic, he is also known for organizing the unsuccessful Spanish Armada mission against Elizabeth’s Protestant England in 1588, ending Spain’s world dominance.
Martin Luther
German monk whose 95 theses against indulgences of the Catholic Church culminated in his excommunication and the Protestant Reformation.
John Calvin
French Protestant who supported predestination, and taught that all people should lead religious lives. Applying this idea to government, he set up a theocracy in Geneva(a city of god). To many Protestants, it seemed ideal.
Desiderius Erasmus
a dutch scholar whose In Praise of Folly used satire to criticized Church leaders and practices. Credited with making humanism and international movement
William Tyndale
Protestant reformer who translated the Greed New Testament into English. He was convinced of heresy and burned at the stake
Protestant
a follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, Lutheran, and other churches.
indulgence
a kind of cancellation of punishment for sin
