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Medical Terminology > Chapter 10 Exam 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Exam 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

nerves that carry sensory nerve impulses from the body to the spinal cord or brain

A

afferent nerves

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2
Q

division of the peripheral nervous system that carries nerve impulses to the heart; involuntary smooth muscles; and glands. Includes the parasympathatic division and the sympathetic division

A

autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

division of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

nerves that carry motor nerve impulses from the spinal cord or brain to the body

A

efferent nerves

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5
Q

body system that consists of the brain; spinal cord; cranial nerves; and spinal nerves. Includes the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous sytem and its divisions

A

nervous system

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6
Q

division of the nervous system that includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

involuntary muscle reaction that is controlled by the spinal cord

A

reflex

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8
Q

division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movements of voluntary skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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9
Q

thin; middle layer of the meninges that contains a spider-weblike network of fibers that go into the subarachnoid space

A

arachnoid

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10
Q

largest organ of the nervous system; part of the central nervous system and is located in the cranial cavity

A

brain

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11
Q

clear fluid that is produced by the ependymal cells that line the ventricles in the brain and the canal within the spinal cord. Cushions and protects the brain and contains glucose and other nutrients

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

largest and most visible part of the brain. Surface contains gyri and sulci. Divided into 2 hemispheres

A

cerebrum

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13
Q

rounded dome of bone at the top of the skull

A

cranium

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14
Q

tough; outemost layer of the meninges

A

dura mater

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15
Q

three separate membranes that envelp and protect the entire brain and spinal cord; includes the dura mater; arachnoid; and pia mater

A

meninges

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16
Q

thin; delicate; innermoste layer of the meninges

A

pia mater

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17
Q

space beneath the arachnoid layer of the meninges; filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

subarachnoid space

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18
Q

one of four hollow chambers in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid

A

ventricle

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19
Q

hollow cavity within each vertebra

A

spinal cavity

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20
Q

part of the central nervous system; begins with the medulla oblongata of the brain and extends down the back within the spinal cavity and ends at lumbar vertebra L2

A

spinal cord

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21
Q

twelve pairs of nerves that originate in the brain and carry sensory nerve impulses to the brain and/or motor nerve impulses from the brain

A

cranial nerves

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22
Q

thirty-one pairs of nerves; each pair joins the spinal cord in the area between 2 vertebrae

A

spinal nerves

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23
Q

a bundle of individual neurons

A

nerve

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24
Q

an indvidual nerve cell

A

neuron

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25
Q

partial or total loss of memory of receent or remotes experiences

A

amnesia

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26
Q

amnesia word breakdown

A

amnes/o- forgetfulness -ia condition; state; thing

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27
Q

rare congenital codition in which some or all of the cranium and cerebrum are missing

A

anencephaly

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28
Q

anencephaly word breakdown

A

an- without; not -encephaly condition of the brain

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29
Q

loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing due to head trauma; stroke; or alzheimer’s disease

A

aphasia

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30
Q

aphasia word breakdown

A

a- away from; without phas/o- speech -ia condition; state; thing

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31
Q

limited impairment that involves some difficulty speaking or understanding words

A

dysphasia

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32
Q

dysphasia word breakdown

A

dys- painful; difficult; abnormal phas/o- speech -ia condition; state; thing

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33
Q

pain in the head

A

cephalagia

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34
Q

cephalagia word breakdown

A

cephal/o- head alg/o- pain -ia conditaion; state; thing

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35
Q

cephalagia AKA

A

headache

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36
Q

caused by a lack of oxygen to parts of the fetus’ brain during birth resulting in spastic muscels; lack of coordiation in walking eating and talking; muscle paralysis; seizure or mental retardation

A

cerebral palsy

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37
Q

cerebral word breakdown

A

cerebr/o- cerebrum -al pertaining to

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38
Q

disruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain; which causes tissue deat and an area of necrosis known as an infarct

A

cerebrovascular accident

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39
Q

cerebrovascular word breakdown

A

cerebr/o- cerebrum vascul/o- blood vessel -ar pertaining to

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40
Q

cerebriovascular accident AKA

A

stroke or brain attack

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41
Q

temporary lack of oxygenated blood to an area of the brain; effects last only 24 hrs.

A

transient ischemic attack

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42
Q

ischemic word breakdown

A

isch/o- keep back; block -emic pertaining to a condition of the blood or a substance in the blood

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43
Q

muscle weakness on one side of the body

A

hemiparesis

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44
Q

paresis

A

condition of weakness

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45
Q

paralysis on one side of the body

A

hemiplegia

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46
Q

hemiplegia word breakdown

A

hemi- one half pleg/o- paralysis -ia condition; state; thing

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47
Q

deep state of unconscuousness and unresponsiveness caused by trauma or disease in the brain; metabolic imbalance with accumlation of waste products in the blood; too little glucose in the blood

A

coma

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48
Q

traumatic injury to the brain that resus in an immediated loss of consciousness for a brief or prologned period of time

A

concussion

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49
Q

concussion word breakdown

A

concussion/o-violent shakin or garring -ion action; condition

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50
Q

traumatic injury to the brain or spinal cord

A

contusion

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51
Q

contusion word breakdown

A

contus/o- brusing -ion action; condition

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52
Q

disease of the brain in which many many neurons in cerebrum dies; the cerebral cortex shinks in size; and there is progressive deterioration in mental function

A

dementia

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53
Q

dementia word breakdown

A

de-reversal of; without ment/o- mind; chin -ia condition; state; thing

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54
Q

demential associated with old age

A

senile-onset dementia

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55
Q

senile word breakdown

A

sen/o- old age ile pertaining to

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56
Q

hereditary dementia that is know to run in families with inherited mutatuons on chromosmes 1;14; 21

A

alzheimer’s disease

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57
Q

hereditary genetic defect in which there are three of chromosome 21 instead of the normal two causing mild-to-severe mental retardation and characteristic physical features of a large; protruding tongue; short fingers; and a single transveres crease on the palm of the hand

A

down syndrome

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58
Q

difficulty reading and writing words even though visual acuity and intelligenve are normal

A

dyslexia

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59
Q

dyslexia word breakdown

A

dys-painfl; difficult; abnormal lex/o- word -ic pertaining to

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60
Q

inflammation and infection of the brain caused by a virus

A

encephalitis

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61
Q

encephalitis word breakdown

A

encephal/o- brain it is inflammation of; infection of

62
Q

recurring condition in which a group of neurons in the brain spontaneously sends out electrical impulses in an abnormal; uncontrolled way

A

epilepsy

63
Q

Epilepsy aka

A

Seizure or convulsion

64
Q

visual; olfactory; sensory or auditory sign

A

aura

65
Q

prolonged; continuous seizure or repeated seizures that occur without the patient regaining consiousness

A

status epilepticus

66
Q

unconsciousness with excessive motor activity

A

tonic clonic (grand mal)

67
Q

tonic word breakdown

A

ton/o- pressure; tone -ic pertaining to

68
Q

clonic word breakdown

A

clon/o- rapid contracting and relazing -ic pertaining to

69
Q

impaired consciousness with slight or no muscle activity

A

absense (petit mal)

70
Q

localaized collection of blood that forms in the brain because of traume to the cranium or the repture of an intracranial aneurysm or an AVM

A

hematoma

71
Q

hematoma word breakdown

A

hemat/o- blood -oma tumor; mass

72
Q

hematoma formed under the dura mater

A

subdural hematoma

73
Q

subdural word breakdown

A

sub-below; underneaths dur/o- dura mater -al pertaining to

74
Q

progressive inherited degenerative disease of the brain that begins in middle age characterized by dementia with spasms of the extremities and face; alternating with slow writhing movements of the hands and feet

A

huntington’s chorea

75
Q

condition in which an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid is produced or the flow of cerebrospinal fluid is bloced; intracranial pressure increase; distends the ventricles; and compresses the brain tissue

A

hydrocephalus

76
Q

hydrocephalus word breakdown

A

hydr/o- water; fluid cephalus head

77
Q

inflammation and infection of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord caused by a bacteriyn or virus

A

meningitis

78
Q

meningitis word breakdown

A

mening/o- meninges -it is inflammation of; infection of

79
Q

specific type of recurring headache that has a sudden onset with severe; throbbing pain; often on just one side of the head; often accompanied by nausea and vomitting and sensitivity to light

A

migraine headace

80
Q

sensitivity to light

A

photophobia

81
Q

brief; involuntary episodes of falling asleep during the daytime while engaged in activity

A

narcolepsy

82
Q

narcolepsy word breakdown

A

narc/o- stupor; sleep -lepsy seizure

83
Q

chronic; degenerative disease due to an imbalance in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain

A

parkinson’s disease

84
Q

temporary loss of consciousness

A

syncope

85
Q

a protrusion of the meninges through the skin

A

meningocele

86
Q

meningocele word breakdown

A

mening/o- meninges -cele hernia

87
Q

acute or chronic condition that occurs because of a tumor; arthritis; or a herniated nucleus pulposus

A

radiculopathy

88
Q

radiculopathy word breakdown

A

radicul/o- spinal nerve root pathy disease

89
Q

the contents of an intervertebral disk are forced out through a week area in the disk wall

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

90
Q

herniated word breakdown

A

herni/o- hernia -ated pertainint to a condition; composed of

91
Q

radiculopathy AKA

A

sciatica

92
Q

trauma to the spinal cord with a partial or complete transection of the cord; interupts nerve impulses causing partial or complted anesthesia and paralysis

A

spinal cord injury

93
Q

an injury to the lower spnal cord; paralysis of the legs

A

paraplegia

94
Q

an ingury to the upper spinal cord; paralysis of all four extremities

A

quadriplegia

95
Q

chronic; progressive disease of the motor nerves coming from the spinal cord causing muscle wasting and spasms with eventual paralysis fo all the muscles; including th swallowing and respiratory muscles

A

amyotropic lateral sclerosis

96
Q

amyotropic word breakdown

A

a-away from; withoug my/o- muscle troph/o- development -ic pertaining to

97
Q

sclerosis word breakdown

A

scler/o- hard; sclera -osis condition; abnormal condition; process

98
Q

condition in which sensation of any type; including touch; pressure; proprioception; or pain; has been lost

A

anesthesia

99
Q

anesthesia word breakdown

A

an- without esthes/o- sensation; feeling -ia condition; state; thing

100
Q

weakness; droooing; or actual paralysis on one side of the face becauase of inflammation of the facial nerve; caused by a viral infection; possibly herpes virus

A

Bell’s Palsy

101
Q

chronic condition cause by repetitive motions of the hand and wrist; often from constant typing or data entry

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

102
Q

carpal word breakdown

A

carp/o- wrist -al pertaining to

103
Q

autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antiboides against myelin. There is acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves; loss of myelin with interruption of nerve conducation; muscle weakness; and changes in sensation

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

104
Q

condition in which there is a hightened awareness and sensitivity to touch and increased response to painful stimuli

A

hypersthesia

105
Q

hypersthesia word breakdown

A

hyper- above; more than normal esthes/o- sensation; feeling -ia condition; state; thing

106
Q

chronic; progressive; degenerative autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against myelin

A

multiple sclerosis

107
Q

pain along the path of a nerve and its brances that is cause by an injury

A

neuralgia

108
Q

neuralgia word breakdown

A

neur/o- nerve alg/o- pain -ia condition; state; thing

109
Q

inflammation or infection of a nerve

A

neuritis

110
Q

neuritis word breakdown

A

neur/o- nerve -it is inflammation of; infection of

111
Q

generalized inflammation of many nerves in one part of the body or all the nerves in the body

A

polyneuritis

112
Q

polyneuritis word breakdown

A

poly-many; much neur/o-nerve it is inflammation of; infection of

113
Q

hereditary disease with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow on the peripheral neres

A

neurofibromatosis

114
Q

neurofibromatosis word breakdowns

A

neur/o- nerve fibr/o- fiber -omatosis abnormal condition of tumors or masses

115
Q

benign tumor of a nerve or any of the specialized cells of the nervous system

A

neuroma

116
Q

neuroma word breakdown

A

neur/o- nerve -oma tumor; mass

117
Q

general category for any type of diseas or injury to a nere

A

neuropathy

118
Q

neuropathy word breakdown

A

neur/o- nerve -pathy disease

119
Q

conditaion in which abnormal sensations; such as tingling; burning; or pinpricks; are felt on the skin

A

paresthesia

120
Q

paresthesia word breakdown

A

para- beside; apart from; two parts of a pair; abnormal esthes/o- sensation; feeling -ia condition; state; thing

121
Q

test that examines the CSF for clariy and color; microscopically for cells; and chemically for proteins and other substances

A

cerebrospinal fluid examination

122
Q

procedure to record the electrical activity of the brain; multiples electrodes are placed on the scalp overlying specific lobes of the brain

A

electroencephalography

123
Q

electroencephalography word breakdown

A

electr/o- electricity encephal/o- brain -graph instrument used to record

124
Q

procedure to diagnose the underlying conditions that can cause insomnia; sleep disruption; sleep apnea; or narcolepsy; electodes on the face and head and various other monitors are used to record the patient’s EEG; eye movemebts; muscle activity; hearbeat; and respirations during sleep

A

polysomnography

125
Q

polysomnography word breakdown

A

poly many; much somn/o sleep -graphy process of recording

126
Q

neurologic test in which the end of the metal handle of a percussion hammer is used to firmly stroke the lateral sole of the foot from the heel to the toes

A

babinski’s sign

127
Q

numerical scale that measures the depth of a coma; ranges from 1 to 15 and is the sum of individual scores for eye opening; motor response; and verbal response following a painful stimulus

A

glasgow coma scale (GCS)

128
Q

procedure to obtain cerbrospinal fluid for testing

A

lumbar puncture (LP)

129
Q

lumbar puncture AKA

A

spinal tap

130
Q

procedure that uses an electrical device to control chronic pain

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit

131
Q

transcutaneous word breakdown

A

trans- across; through cutane/o-skin -ous pertaining to

132
Q

procedure to remove plaque from the carotid artery

A

carotid endarterectomy

133
Q

endarterectomy word breakdown

A

endo- innermost; withing arter/o- artery -ectomy surgical removal

134
Q

surgical incision into the cranium to expose the brain tissue

A

craniotomy

135
Q

craniotomy word breakdown

A

crani/o- cranium (skull) -tomy process of cutting or making an incision

136
Q

surgical removal of party or all of a herniated nucleus pulposus from an intervertebral disk

A

diskectomy

137
Q

diskectomy word breakdown

A

disk/o- disk -ectomy surgical removal

138
Q

surgical removal of the lamina (the flat area of the arch of the vertebra)

A

laminectomy

139
Q

laminectomy word breakdown

A

lamin/o- lamina -ectoy surgical removal

140
Q

ALS

A

amyotropic lateral sclerosis

141
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

142
Q

CP

A

cerebral palsy

143
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

144
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

145
Q

CVS

A

cerebrovascular accident

146
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalography; electroencephalogram

147
Q

GCS

A

glasgow coma scale (or score)

148
Q

HNP

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

149
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

150
Q

SCI

A

spinal cord injury

151
Q

TENS

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit

152
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

Medical Terminology (18 decks)

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